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Mass loss and orbital period decrease in detached chromospherically active binaries
The secular evolution of the orbital angular momentum (OAM), thesystemic mass (M=M1+M2) and the orbital period of114 chromospherically active binaries (CABs) were investigated afterdetermining the kinematical ages of the subsamples which were setaccording to OAM bins. OAMs, systemic masses and orbital periods wereshown to be decreasing by the kinematical ages. The first-orderdecreasing rates of OAM, systemic mass and orbital period have beendetermined as per systemic OAM, per systemic mass and per orbitalperiod, respectively, from the kinematical ages. The ratio of d logJ/dlogM= 2.68, which were derived from the kinematics of the presentsample, implies that there must be a mechanism which amplifies theangular momentum loss (AML) times in comparison to isotropic AML ofhypothetical isotropic wind from the components. It has been shown thatsimple isotropic mass loss from the surface of a component or bothcomponents would increase the orbital period.
| A catalogue of eclipsing variables
A new catalogue of 6330 eclipsing variable stars is presented. Thecatalogue was developed from the General Catalogue of Variable Stars(GCVS) and its textual remarks by including recently publishedinformation about classification of 843 systems and making correspondingcorrections of GCVS data. The catalogue1 represents thelargest list of eclipsing binaries classified from observations.
| Kinematics of chromospherically active binaries and evidence of an orbital period decrease in binary evolution
The kinematics of 237 chromospherically active binaries (CABs) werestudied. The sample is heterogeneous with different orbits andphysically different components from F to M spectral-type main-sequencestars to G and K giants and supergiants. The computed U, V, W spacevelocities indicate that the sample is also heterogeneous in velocityspace. That is, both kinematically younger and older systems exist amongthe non-evolved main sequence and the evolved binaries containing giantsand subgiants. The kinematically young (0.95 Gyr) subsample (N= 95),which is formed according to the kinematical criteria of moving groups,was compared with the rest (N= 142) of the sample (3.86 Gyr) toinvestigate any observational clues of binary evolution. Comparing theorbital period histograms between the younger and older subsamples,evidence was found supporting the finding of Demircan that the CABs losemass (and angular momentum) and evolve towards shorter orbital periods.The evidence of mass loss is noticeable on the histograms of the totalmass (Mh+Mc), which is compared between theyounger (only N= 53 systems available) and older subsamples (only N= 66systems available). The orbital period decrease during binary evolutionis found to be clearly indicated by the kinematical ages of 6.69, 5.19and 3.02 Gyr which were found in the subsamples according to the periodranges of logP<= 0.8, 0.8 < logP<= 1.7 and 1.7 < logP<=3, respectively, among the binaries in the older subsample.
| The Hamburg/RASS Catalogue of optical identifications. Northern high-galactic latitude ROSAT Bright Source Catalogue X-ray sources
We present the Hamburg/RASS Catalogue (HRC) of optical identificationsof X-ray sources at high-galactic latitude. The HRC includes all X-raysources from the ROSAT Bright Source Catalogue (RASS-BSC) with galacticlatitude |b| >=30degr and declination delta >=0degr . In thispart of the sky covering ~ 10 000 deg2 the RASS-BSC contains5341 X-ray sources. For the optical identification we used blue Schmidtprism and direct plates taken for the northern hemisphere Hamburg QuasarSurvey (HQS) which are now available in digitized form. The limitingmagnitudes are 18.5 and 20, respectively. For 82% of the selectedRASS-BSC an identification could be given. For the rest either nocounterpart was visible in the error circle or a plausibleidentification was not possible. With ~ 42% AGN represent the largestgroup of X-ray emitters, ~ 31% have a stellar counterpart, whereasgalaxies and cluster of galaxies comprise only ~ 4% and ~ 5%,respectively. In ~ 3% of the RASS-BSC sources no object was visible onour blue direct plates within 40\arcsec around the X-ray sourceposition. The catalogue is used as a source for the selection of(nearly) complete samples of the various classes of X-ray emitters.
| VLA Radio Positions of Stars: 1978-1995
VLA astrometric positions of the radio emission from 52 stars arereported, from observations obtained between 1978 and 1995. Thepositions of these stars have been obtained and reduced in a uniformmanner. Based on our measurements, the offset of the optical (Hipparcos)frame from the radio reference frame is in agreement with the Hipparcosextragalactic link results, within their mean errors. Comparison of theVLA measurements with the Hipparcos optical positions confirms earlierestimates of the accuracy of these positions as 30 mas. Long-termmeasurements of UX Ari have improved its proper motion.
| Reprocessing the Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data of spectroscopic binaries. II. Systems with a giant component
By reanalyzing the Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data of a largesample of spectroscopic binaries containing a giant, we obtain a sampleof 29 systems fulfilling a carefully derived set of constraints andhence for which we can derive an accurate orbital solution. Of these,one is a double-lined spectroscopic binary and six were not listed inthe DMSA/O section of the catalogue. Using our solutions, we derive themasses of the components in these systems and statistically analyzethem. We also briefly discuss each system individually.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997) and on data collected with theSimbad database.
| Determination of the Ages of Close Binary Stars on the Main Sequence from Evolutionary Model Stars of Claret and Gimenez
A grid of isochrones, covering a wide range of stellar ages from thezero-age main sequence to 10 billion years, is calculated in the presentwork on the basis of the model stars of Claret and Gimenez withallowance for convective overshoot and mass loss by the components. Theages of 88 eclipsing variables on the main sequence from Andersen'scatalog and 100 chromospherically active stars from Strassmeier'scatalog are calculated with a description of the method of optimuminterpolation. Comparisons with age determinations by other authors aregiven and good agreement is established.
| Optical positions of 55 radio stars from astrolabe observations from the Yunnan Observatory
The observations by the photoelectric astrolabe at Yunnan Observatoryrelative to the Hipparcos Catalogue and the optical positions of 55radio stars were obtained from observations between 1991 and 2000. Theyall resulted from processing the photon counts obtained by means of theastrolabe after the automation of the instrument. There are 46 stars incommon with the Hipparcos Catalogue. Tables \ref{t1} and \ref{t2} arealso available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftpcdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/383/1062.
| Stars with the Largest Hipparcos Photometric Amplitudes
A list of the 2027 stars that have the largest photometric amplitudes inHipparcos Photometry shows that most variable stars are all Miras. Thepercentage of variable types change as a function of amplitude. Thiscompilation should also be of value to photometrists looking forrelatively unstudied, but large amplitude stars.
| The mass dependence of the overshooting parameter determined from eclipsing binary data
High-precision data on absolute dimensions of evolved eclipsing binarieshave been used for a quantitative evaluation of the significance ofconvective overshoot in the stellar core. Eight detached double-linedeclipsing binaries with components close to or beyond the terminal agemain sequence (TAMS) and masses between 2 and 12Msolar havebeen compared with evolutionary models using different overshootingparameters. The results are robust and indicate a systematic increase ofthe amount of convective overshoot with the stellar mass. Suchdetermination constitutes a fundamental point for stellar structure andevolution theory.
| The ROSAT Bright Survey: II. Catalogue of all high-galactic latitude RASS sources with PSPC countrate CR > 0.2 s-1
We present a summary of an identification program of the more than 2000X-ray sources detected during the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (Voges et al.1999) at high galactic latitude, |b| > 30degr , with countrate above0.2 s-1. This program, termed the ROSAT Bright Survey RBS, isto more than 99.5% complete. A sub-sample of 931 sources with countrateabove 0.2 s-1 in the hard spectral band between 0.5 and 2.0keV is to 100% identified. The total survey area comprises 20391deg2 at a flux limit of 2.4 x 10-12 ergcm-2 s-1 in the 0.5 - 2.0 keV band. About 1500sources of the complete sample could be identified by correlating theRBS with SIMBAD and the NED. The remaining ~ 500 sources were identifiedby low-resolution optical spectroscopy and CCD imaging utilizingtelescopes at La Silla, Calar Alto, Zelenchukskaya and Mauna Kea. Apartfrom completely untouched sources, catalogued clusters and galaxieswithout published redshift as well as catalogued galaxies with unusualhigh X-ray luminosity were included in the spectroscopic identificationprogram. Details of the observations with an on-line presentation of thefinding charts and the optical spectra will be published separately.Here we summarize our identifications in a table which contains opticaland X-ray information for each source. As a result we present the mostmassive complete sample of X-ray selected AGNs with a total of 669members and a well populated X-ray selected sample of 302 clusters ofgalaxies with redshifts up to 0.70. Three fields studied by us remainwithout optical counterpart (RBS0378, RBS1223, RBS1556). While the firstis a possible X-ray transient, the two latter are isolated neutron starcandidates (Motch et al. 1999, Schwope et al. 1999).
| On X-Ray Variability in Active Binary Stars
We have compared the X-ray emissions of active binary stars observed atvarious epochs by the Einstein and ROSAT satellites in order toinvestigate the nature of their X-ray variability. The primary aim ofthis work is to determine whether or not active binaries exhibitlong-term variations in X-ray emission, perhaps analogous to theobserved cyclic behavior of solar magnetic activity. We find that, whilethe mean level of emission of the sample remains steady, comparison ofdifferent ROSAT observations of the same stars shows significantvariation on timescales <~2 yr, with an ``effective variability''ΔI/I=0.32+/-0.04, where I and ΔI represent the mean emissionand variation from the mean emission, respectively. A comparison of theROSAT All-Sky Survey and later pointed observations with earlierobservations of the same stars carried out with Einstein yields onlymarginal evidence for a larger variation (ΔI/I=0.38+/-0.04 forEinstein vs. ROSAT All-Sky Survey and 0.46+/-0.05 for Einstein vs. ROSATpointed) at these longer timescales (~10 yr), thus indicating thepossible presence of a long-term component to the variability. Whetheror not this long-term component is due to the presence of cyclicvariability cannot be decided on the basis of existing data. However,assuming that this component is analogous to the observed cyclicvariability of the Sun, we find that the relative magnitude of thecyclic component in the ROSAT passband can, at most, be a factor of 4,i.e., I_cyc/I_min<4. This is to be compared with the correspondingbut significantly higher solar value of ~10-10^2 derived from GOES,Yohkoh, and Solrad data. These results are consistent with thesuggestions of earlier studies that a turbulent or distributive dynamomight be responsible for the observed magnetic activity on the mostactive, rapidly rotating stars.
| Optical Positions of 44 Radio Stars from Astrolabe Observations
The observations made with the photoelectric astrolabe at YunnanObservatory since 1986 have been reprocessed in the Hipparcos Catalogue,and the optical positions of 44 radio stars obtained. These are all thestars in common with the Hipparcos Catalogue.
| The FIRST Unbiased Survey for Radio Stars
Comparison of the VLA FIRST survey with various catalogs of bright starsallows an examination of the prevalence of stellar radio emissionindependent of optical selection criteria. This FIRST unbiased surveyfor radio stars covers nearly 5000 deg^2 of the northern sky to a fluxdensity limit of 0.7 mJy at 20 cm. Using astrometric catalogs thatinclude proper-motion information, we have detected 26 stellar radiosources, doubling the number of such objects previously known in thisregion of high-latitude sky. We also show that, in the absence of goodproper motions, even the 1" precision of the FIRST positions isinsufficient to avoid crippling chance coincidence rates. We calculatethe fraction of radio detections as a function of stellar magnitude andshow that, when proper motions from the Guide Star Catalog II becomeavailable, the number of stellar radio source detections should increasefourfold.
| Mutual irradiation and absorption and surface temperature variation in detached binary systems
In the paper, we calculate the absorbed flux of the mutual irradiationof the components in detached binary systems, and obtain the surfacetemperature distribution on the components. The maximum temperaturedifference over the surface is a measure of the deviation betweenisothermal and equipotential surfaces. For 33 late-type binary systemswith known elements, we evaluate this maximum difference. The resultshows that the isothermal-equipotential deviation is always larger inthe cooler than in the hotter components. This result supports Zhou andLeung's idea that the large difference between ``star-spots'' andsunspots is due to cyclones and anticyclones. The effect of limbdarkening (amounting to over 18% and always larger in the hottercomponent) is included in the consideration.
| Early Radio Positions of Stars
Early radio positions for a sample of 100 Hipparcos stars, threeTycho-only stars, and nine radio stars with optical positions referredto the Hipparcos/ICRS frame are analyzed. The optical proper motions areused to compare the optical and radio positions. From an original sampleof 247 radio positions for the above 112 stars, a set of 220 showscoincidence between the optical and radio centers of emission closerthan 500 mas. This set is analyzed for systematic departures between theoptical and radio positions. A smaller subset of 136 early radiopositions for 72 stars show radio-minus-optical offsets smaller than 100mas and are useful for monitoring of the spin of the Hipparcos frame.
| The age-mass relation for chromospherically active binaries. III. Lithium depletion in giant components
We present a study of the lithium abundances of a sample of evolvedcomponents of Chromospherically Active Binary Systems. We show that asignificant part of them have lithium excesses, independently of theirmass and evolutionary stage. Therefore, it can be concluded that Liabundance does not depend on age for giant components of CABS. Theseoverabundances appear to be closely related to the stellar rotation, andwe interpret them as a consequence of the transfer of angular momentumfrom the orbit to the rotation as the stars evolve in and off the MainSequence, in a similar way as it happens in the dwarf components of thesame systems and in the Tidally Locked Binaries belonging to the Hyadesand M67. Based on observations collected with the 2.2\,m telescope ofthe German-Spanish Observatorio de Calar Alto (Almeria, Spain), and withthe 2.56\,m Nordic Optical Telescope in the Spanish Observatorio delRoque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrof\'\i sica de Canarias(La Palma, Spain)
| On the rotation-activity correlation for active binary stars
We present an investigation of rotation-activity correlations usingInternational Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) SWP measurements of the Civemission line at 1550Angstroms for 72 active binary systems. We use astandard stellar evolution code to derive non-empirical Rossby numbers,R_0, for each star in our sample and compare the resulting Civrotation-activity correlation to that found for empirically derivedvalues of the Rossby number and that based on rotation alone. For dwarfstars our values of R_0 do not differ greatly from empirical ones and wefind a corresponding lack of improvement in correlation. Only a marginalimprovement in correlation is found for evolved components in oursample. We discuss possible additional factors, other than rotation orconvection, that may influence the activity levels in active binaries.Our observational data imply, in contrast to the theoretical predictionsof convective motions, that activity is only weakly related to mass inevolved stars. We conclude that current dynamo theory is limited in itsapplication to the study of active stars because of the uncertainty inthe angular velocity-depth profile in stellar interiors and the unknowneffects of binarity and surface gravity.
| Mutual irradiation and absorption in detached binary systems and surface temperature variation.
Not Available
| Common chromospheres - roundchroms - as a means for the study of binary systems
An independent method based on the concept of common chromospheres -roundchroms - is proposed for the determination of the radii of the maincomponents of RS CVn-type close binary systems. The essence of themethod is in the coincidence of the radius of the main component of thebinary system with the equipotential zero-velocity surface for somevalues of the Jacobi constant. As an illustration, the method is appliedto a sample of 15 RS CVn-type systems, and as a result the revised radiiof the main components in the systems are determined. The mainparameters, particularly the volumes, electron concentrations and massesof the roundchroms, are obtained as well. Empirical dependences of theelectron concentration in the roundchrom, n_e, and of the 2800 Mg iidoublet luminosity, L(Mg ii), on intercomponent distance a werediscovered, the first in the form n_e~a^-0.85 and the second in the formL(Mg ii)~a^1.66. The formation of a roundchrom in close binary systemsis inevitable, and the roundchrom is as essential a physical formationfor binary systems as are the corona and chromosphere for single stars.
| Accurate Positions for Radio Stars as Determined from CCD Observations in the Extragalactic Reference Frame.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1997AJ....114.1679S&db_key=AST
| The age-mass relation for chromospherically active binaries. II. Lithium depletion in dwarf components.
We present an extensive study of lithium abundances in dwarf componentsof chromospherically active binary stars (CABS). Since most of thesebinaries have known radii, masses and ages, this kind of data isespecially useful for comparisons with theoretical models which try toexplain the Li depletion phenomenon. We show that a significant part ofthese stars have clear Li overabundances with respect to the typicalvalues for stars of the same mass and evolutionary stage. These excessesare evident when comparing our sample of CABS with binary and singlestars belonging to open clusters of different ages, namely Pleiades,Hyades, NGC 752, M 67 and NGC 188, which have ages ranging from 7x10^7^to 10^10^yr. The Li excesses are more conspicuous for masses in therange 0.75-0.95Msun_, indicating that the rate of Lidepletion has been less pronounced in CABS than in single stars. Thisphenomenon is interpreted in the context of transport of angularmomentum from the orbit to the stellar rotation due to tidal effects.This angular momentum transfer would avoid the radial differentialrotation and the associated turbulent mixing of material in the stellarinterior. Other explanations, however, can not be ruled out. This is thecase of transport of material induced by internal gravity waves, whichcould be inhibited due to the presence of strong magnetic fieldsassociated with the effective dynamo in CABS. The confirmed existence ofa relation between Li abundances and the fluxes in CaII H&K linescan also be accommodated within both scenarios.
| The structure of roundchroms in close binary systems
The determination of common chromospheres - roundchroms - for 32 closebinary systems, all of RS CVn type, is described; the main parameters ofthese roundchroms - volumes, electron concentrations and masses, areestimated. Three types of roundchroms are established according to theirstructure. The empirical relationship between their electronconcentration n_e and intercomponent distance a - n_e = K a^-0.80,discovered earlier, is confirmed by data for over fifty close binarysystems. This law holds promise for the determination of component radiiof close binary systems and some parameters of their roundchroms.
| Radio stars for linking celestial reference frames
Radio stars play a key role in establishing the link between opticalreference frames and the conventional celestial reference frame based onextragalactic radio sources. The relevant astrometric, astrophysical andradio quantities are compiled of 66 cardinal radio stars currentlysuited to frame connection and maintenance of the link. The catalogueentries are supplied with ample bibliographical codes and annotationsfor easy data retrieval. The catalogue is available electronically atthe CDS via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 and viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| EUV Emission from RS Canum Venaticorum binaries.
We performed a study of 104 RS CVn systems in the extreme ultraviolet(EUV) using the all-sky survey data obtained by the Extreme UltravioletExplorer (EUVE). The present sample includes several new RS CVndetections; 11 more than in the published EUVE catalogs, and 8 more thanin the ROSAT Wide Field Camera catalog. The ratio of detections tonon-detections remained constant throughout the sky, implying that ourdetections are not limited by the exposure time but are most likelylimited by absorption from the interstellar medium. A general trend ofincreasing Lex/B (50-180Å) flux with decreasing rotational periodis clear. The dwarf systems exhibit a leveling-off for the fasterrotators. In contrast, the evolved systems exhibit no such effect. Forthe RS CVn systems the losses in the EUV represent a smaller fraction ofthe coronal radiative losses, as compared to active late-type dwarfs.
| The behaviour of the excess CA II H and K and Hɛ emissions in chromospherically active binaries.
In this work we analyze the behaviour of the excess Ca II H and K andHɛ emissions in a sample of 73 chromospherically active binarysystems (RS CVn and BY Dra classes), of different activity levels andluminosity classes. This sample includes the 53 stars analyzed byFernandez-Figueroa et al. (1994) and the observations of 28 systemsdescribed by Montes et al. (1995c). By using the spectral subtractiontechnique (subtraction of a synthesized stellar spectrum constructedfrom reference stars of spectral type and luminosity class similar tothose of the binary star components) we obtain the active-chromospherecontribution to the Ca II H and K lines in these 73 systems. We havedetermined the excess Ca II H and K emission equivalent widths andconverted them into surface fluxes. The emissions arising from eachcomponent were obtained when it was possible to deblend bothcontributions. We have found that the components of active binaries aregenerally stronger emitters than single active stars for a giveneffective temperature and rotation rate. A slight decline of the excessCa II H and K emissions towards longer rotation periods, P_rot_, andlarger Rossby numbers, R_0_, is found. When we use R_0_ instead ofP_rot_ the scatter is reduced and a saturation at R_0_=~0.3 is observed.A good correlation between the excess Ca II K and Hɛchromospheric emission fluxes has been found. The correlations obtainedbetween the excess Ca II K emission and other activity indicators, (C IVin the transition region, and X-rays in the corona) indicate that theexponents of the power-law relations increase with the formationtemperature of the spectral features.
| RS CVn Versus Algol-Type Binaries: A Comparative Study of Their X-Ray Emission
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996AJ....111.2415S&db_key=AST
| Optical positions of radio stars. I.
The optical positions of 31 radio stars obtained from the observationswith the photoelectric astrolabe at Yunnan Observatory are presented inthis paper. These are all the stars in the astrometric catalogue ofradio stars observable by our astrolabe.
| 1982-1988 Photometry of the Totally Eclipsing Chromospherically Active Binary V792 Herculis=HD 155638
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.1322K
| The emission of the RS CVn binaries in the IRAS passbands.
In the literature, there is an ambiguity pertaining to the existence ofa far-IR excess in RS CVn systems. In the current paper we undertook astudy of the behaviour of 103 such systems in the IRAS passbands. Wefound 72 acceptable detections in the 12μm band, and 40 in the25μm band (50% more than the IRAS Point Source Catalog). Although ourfindings may be interpreted as indicating towards the existence of anexcess beyond 12μm for some systems, the evidence is not conclusivein all but two cases. These are systems GX Lib and HR 7428, with Capellabeing the only system where the IRAS fluxes in all four bands originatefrom the stellar photosphere. Given the accuracy of the data we did notfind 12μm excess for any system. We argue that the IRAS data alonecannot settle the issue, as their uncertainty is, in many cases, higherthan what the Signal-to-Noise ratio of each observation implies.Furthermore, at the higher wavelength bands the IRAS angular resolutiondrops from 0.5' at 12μm to 2' at 100μm and the background becomesvery complex, so one cannot be certain about the origin of the observedflux. The existence of IR excess in the RS CVn stars is important as faras the evolutionary scenarios for these systems are concerned. Futuremissions such as the Infrared Space Observatory will return moresensitive and accurate measurements and the ambiguity can be removed.The fluxes we quote will be helpful when planning these futureobservations, as we provide more accurate photometry and for a largerselection of sources than the IRAS Point Source Catalog.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Herkules |
| Right ascension: | 17h10m25.60s |
| Declination: | +48°57'56.3" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 8.147 |
| Distance: | 413.223 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | 2.1 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -25 |
| B-T magnitude: | 9.302 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.243 |
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