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Infrared photometry and evolution of mass-losing AGB stars. I. Carbon stars revisited
As part of a reanalysis of galactic Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) starsat infrared (IR) wavelengths, we discuss a sample (357) of carbon starsfor which mass loss rates, near-IR photometry and distance estimatesexist. For 252 sources we collected mid-IR fluxes from the MSX (6C) andthe ISO-SWS catalogues. Most stars have spectral energy distributions upto 21 μm, and some (1/3) up to 45 μm. This wide wavelengthcoverage allows us to obtain reliable bolometric magnitudes. Theproperties of our sample are discussed with emphasis on ~70 stars withastrometric distances. We show that mid-IR fluxes are crucial toestimate the magnitude of stars with dusty envelopes. We construct HRdiagrams and show that the luminosities agree fairly well with modelpredictions based on the Schwarzschild's criterion, contrary to what iswidely argued in the literature. A problem with the brightness of Cstars does not appear to exist. From the relative number of Mira andSemiregular C-variables, we argue that the switch between these classesis unlikely to be connected to thermal pulses. The relevance of the twopopulations varies with the evolution, with Miras dominating the finalstages. We also analyze mass loss rates, which increase for increasingluminosity, but with a spread that probably results from a dependence ona number of parameters (like e.g. different stellar masses and differentmechanisms powering stellar winds). Instead, mass loss rates are wellmonitored by IR colours, especially if extended to 20 μm and beyond,where AGB envelopes behave like black bodies. From these colours theevolutionary status of various classes of C stars is discussed.
| The mass loss of C-rich giants
The mass loss rates, expansion velocities and dust-to-gas density ratiosfrom millimetric observations of 119 carbon-rich giants are compared, asfunctions of stellar parameters, to the predictions of recenthydrodynamical models. Distances and luminosities previously estimatedfrom HIPPARCOS data, masses from pulsations and C/O abundance ratiosfrom spectroscopy, and effective temperatures from a new homogeneousscale, are used. Predicted and observed mass loss rates agree fairlywell, as functions of effective temperature. The signature of the massrange M≤4 Mȯ of most carbon-rich AGB stars is seenas a flat portion in the diagram of mass loss rate vs. effectivetemperature. It is flanked by two regions of mass loss rates increasingwith decreasing effective temperature at nearly constant stellar mass.Four stars with detached shells, i.e. episodic strong mass loss, andfive cool infrared carbon-rich stars with optically-thick dust shells,have mass loss rates much larger than predicted values. The latter(including CW Leo) could be stars of smaller masses (M≃ 1.5-2.5Mȯ) while M≃ 4 Mȯ is indicated formost of the coolest objects. Among the carbon stars with detachedshells, R Scl returned to a predicted level (16 times lower) accordingto recent measurements of the central source. The observed expansionvelocities are in agreement with the predicted velocities at infinity ina diagram of velocities vs. effective temperature, provided the carbonto oxygen abundance ratio is 1≤ɛ C/ɛO≤2, i.e. the range deduced from spectra and modelatmospheres of those cool variables. Five stars with detached shellsdisplay expansion velocities about twice that predicted at theireffective temperature. Miras and non-Miras do populate the same locus inboth diagrams at the present accuracy. The predicted dust-to-gas densityratios are however about 2.2 times smaller than the values estimatedfrom observations. Recent drift models can contribute to minimize thediscrepancy since they include more dust. Simple approximate formulaeare proposed.This research has made use of the Simbad database operated at CDS.Partially based on data from the ESA HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite.Table 3 is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/429/235
| A photometric pilot study on Sonneberg archival patrol plates. How many ``constant'' stars are in fact long-term variables?
The light curves of 216 arbitrarly chosen field stars and of 23 knownvariables in the Aur/Tau/Ori region were derived (7.8 m ≤ B ≤12.2 m) from scanned, blue-sensitive archival patrol plates, covering atotal of 34 years (1961-1995). We achieved a photometric accuracy of0.07 ... 0.12 mag in spite of rather unfavourable locations of moststars near the plate borders. 17 field stars turned out to be variables,most of them with time scales of 1000-8000 days in the form of slowwaves with amplitudes between 0.1 and 0.3 mag, i.e. below the thresholdof traditional variable searches on photographic plates. About 50% ofthese new long-term variables exhibit drifts indicating periodic orerratic variability at much longer time scales than covered here. Forthe 23 known variables we achieved improvements in their periods andamplitudes and detected long-term variations (drifts, waves) in about50% of them. The above fraction of low-amplitude long-term variablesamong field stars implies that a total of about 45 000 new variablesshould be detectable in the Sonneberg patrol plate archive. They willrepresent a new, hitherto not investigated population of variable starswith a possibly significant impact on our understanding of the stellarinterior and evolution.Tables 2 and 3 are only available in electronic form athttp://www.edpsciences.org
| How many Hipparcos Variability-Induced Movers are genuine binaries?
Hipparcos observations of some variable stars, and especially oflong-period (e.g. Mira) variables, reveal a motion of the photocentercorrelated with the brightness variation (variability-induced mover -VIM), suggesting the presence of a binary companion. A re-analysis ofthe Hipparcos photometric and astrometric data does not confirm the VIMsolution for 62 among the 288 VIM objects (21%) in the Hipparcoscatalogue. Most of these 288 VIMs are long-period (e.g. Mira) variables(LPV). The effect of a revised chromaticity correction, which accountsfor the color variations along the light cycle, was then investigated.It is based on ``instantaneous'' V-I color indices derived fromHipparcos and Tycho-2 epoch photometry. Among the 188 LPVs flagged asVIM in the Hipparcos catalogue, 89 (47%) are not confirmed as VIM afterthis improved chromaticity correction is applied. This dramatic decreasein the number of VIM solutions is not surprising, since the chromaticitycorrection applied by the Hipparcos reduction consortia was based on afixed V-I color. Astrophysical considerations lead us to adopt a morestringent criterion for accepting a VIM solution (first-kind risk of0.27% instead of 10% as in the Hipparcos catalogue). With this moresevere criterion, only 27 LPV stars remain VIM, thus rejecting 161 ofthe 188 (86%) of the LPVs defined as VIMs in the Hipparcos catalogue.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).Table 1 is also available in electronic form at the CDS, via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/399/1167
| Hipparcos red stars in the HpV_T2 and V I_C systems
For Hipparcos M, S, and C spectral type stars, we provide calibratedinstantaneous (epoch) Cousins V - I color indices using newly derivedHpV_T2 photometry. Three new sets of ground-based Cousins V I data havebeen obtained for more than 170 carbon and red M giants. These datasetsin combination with the published sources of V I photometry served toobtain the calibration curves linking Hipparcos/Tycho Hp-V_T2 with theCousins V - I index. In total, 321 carbon stars and 4464 M- and S-typestars have new V - I indices. The standard error of the mean V - I isabout 0.1 mag or better down to Hp~9 although it deteriorates rapidly atfainter magnitudes. These V - I indices can be used to verify thepublished Hipparcos V - I color indices. Thus, we have identified ahandful of new cases where, instead of the real target, a random fieldstar has been observed. A considerable fraction of the DMSA/C and DMSA/Vsolutions for red stars appear not to be warranted. Most likely suchspurious solutions may originate from usage of a heavily biased color inthe astrometric processing.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).}\fnmsep\thanks{Table 7 is onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/397/997
| Carbon-rich giants in the HR diagram and their luminosity function
The luminosity function (LF) of nearly 300 Galactic carbon giants isderived. Adding BaII giants and various related objects, about 370objects are located in the RGB and AGB portions of the theoretical HRdiagram. As intermediate steps, (1) bolometric corrections arecalibrated against selected intrinsic color indices; (2) the diagram ofphotometric coefficients 1/2 vs. astrometric trueparallaxes varpi are interpreted in terms of ranges of photosphericradii for every photometric group; (3) coefficients CR andCL for bias-free evaluation of mean photospheric radii andmean luminosities are computed. The LF of Galactic carbon giantsexhibits two maxima corresponding to the HC-stars of the thick disk andto the CV-stars of the old thin disk respectively. It is discussed andcompared to those of carbon stars in the Magellanic Clouds and Galacticbulge. The HC-part is similar to the LF of the Galactic bulge,reinforcing the idea that the Bulge and the thick disk are part of thesame dynamical component. The CV-part looks similar to the LF of theLarge Magellanic Cloud (LMC), but the former is wider due to thesubstantial errors on HIPPARCOS parallaxes. The obtained meanluminosities increase with increasing radii and decreasing effectivetemperatures, along the HC-CV sequence of photometric groups, except forHC0, the earliest one. This trend illustrates the RGB- and AGB-tracks oflow- and intermediate-mass stars for a range in metallicities. From acomparison with theoretical tracks in the HR diagram, the initial massesMi range from about 0.8 to 4.0 Msun for carbongiants, with possibly larger masses for a few extreme objects. A largerange of metallicities is likely, from metal-poor HC-stars classified asCH stars on the grounds of their spectra (a spheroidal component), tonear-solar compositions of many CV-stars. Technetium-rich carbon giantsare brighter than the lower limit Mbol =~ -3.6+/- 0.4 andcentered at =~-4.7+0.6-0.9 at about =~(2935+/-200) K or CV3-CV4 in our classification. Much like the resultsof Van Eck et al. (\cite{vaneck98}) for S stars, this confirms theTDU-model of those TP-AGB stars. This is not the case of the HC-stars inthe thick disk, with >~ 3400 K and>~ -3.4. The faint HC1 and HC2-stars( =~ -1.1+0.7-1.0) arefound slightly brighter than the BaII giants ( =~-0.3+/-1.3) on average. Most RCB variables and HdC stars range fromMbol =~ -1 to -4 against -0.2 to -2.4 for those of the threepopulation II Cepheids in the sample. The former stars show the largestluminosities ( <~ -4 at the highest effectivetemperatures (6500-7500 K), close to the Mbol =~ -5 value forthe hot LMC RCB-stars (W Men and HV 5637). A full discussion of theresults is postponed to a companion paper on pulsation modes andpulsation masses of carbon-rich long period variables (LPVs; Paper IV,present issue). This research has made use of the Simbad databaseoperated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. Partially based on data from theESA HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite. Table 2 is only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/390/967
| Long period variable stars: galactic populations and infrared luminosity calibrations
In this paper HIPPARCOS astrometric and kinematic data are used tocalibrate both infrared luminosities and kinematical parameters of LongPeriod Variable stars (LPVs). Individual absolute K and IRAS 12 and 25luminosities of 800 LPVs are determined and made available in electronicform. The estimated mean kinematics is analyzed in terms of galacticpopulations. LPVs are found to belong to galactic populations rangingfrom the thin disk to the extended disk. An age range and a lower limitof the initial mass is given for stars of each population. A differenceof 1.3 mag in K for the upper limit of the Asymptotic Giant Branch isfound between the disk and old disk galactic populations, confirming itsdependence on the mass in the main sequence. LPVs with a thin envelopeare distinguished using the estimated mean IRAS luminosities. The levelof attraction (in the classification sense) of each group for the usualclassifying parameters of LPVs (variability and spectral types) isexamined. Table only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/374/968 or via ASTRIDdatabase (http://astrid.graal.univ-montp2.fr).
| The effective temperatures of carbon-rich stars
We evaluate effective temperatures of 390 carbon-rich stars. Theinterstellar extinction on their lines of sights was determined andcircumstellar contributions derived. The intrinsic (dereddened) spectralenergy distributions (SEDs) are classified into 14 photometric groups(HCi, CVj and SCV with i=0,5 and j=1,7). The newscale of effective temperatures proposed here is calibrated on the 54angular diameters (measured on 52 stars) available at present from lunaroccultations and interferometry. The brightness distribution on stellardiscs and its influence on diameter evaluations are discussed. Theeffective temperatures directly deduced from those diameters correlatewith the classification into photometric groups, despite the large errorbars on diameters. The main parameter of our photometric classificationis thus effective temperature. Our photometric < k right >1/2 coefficients are shown to be angular diameters on arelative scale for a given photometric group, (more precisely for agiven effective temperature). The angular diameters are consistent withthe photometric data previously shown to be consistent with the trueparallaxes from HIPPARCOS observations (Knapik, et al. \cite{knapik98},Sect. 6). Provisional effective temperatures, as constrained by asuccessful comparison of dereddened SEDs from observations to modelatmosphere predictions, are in good agreement with the values directlycalculated from the observed angular diameters and with those deducedfrom five selected intrinsic color indices. These three approaches wereused to calibrate a reference angular diameter Phi 0 and theassociated coefficient CT_eff. The effective temperatureproposed for each star is the arithmetic mean of two estimates, one(``bolometric'') from a reference integrated flux F0, theother (``spectral'') from calibrated color indices which arerepresentative of SED shapes. Effective temperatures for about 390carbon stars are provided on this new homogeneous scale, together withvalues for some stars classified with oxygen-type SEDs with a total of438 SEDs (410 stars) studied. Apparent bolometric magnitudes are given.Objects with strong infrared excesses and optically thick circumstellardust shells are discussed separately. The new effective temperaturescale is shown to be compatible and (statistically) consistent with thesample of direct values from the observed angular diameters. Theeffective temperatures are confirmed to be higher than the mean colortemperatures (from 140 to 440 K). They are in good agreement with thepublished estimates from the infrared flux method forTeff>= 3170 K, while an increasing discrepancy is observedtoward lower temperatures. As an illustration of the efficiency of thephotometric classification and effective temperature scale, the C/Oratios and the Merrill-Sanford (M-S) band intensities are investigated.It is shown that the maximum value, mean value and dispersion of C/Oincrease along the photometric CV-sequence, i.e. with decreasingeffective temperature. The M-S bands of SiC2 are shown tohave a transition from ``none'' to ``strong'' at Teff =~(2800+/- 150right ) K. Simultaneously, with decreasing effectivetemperature, the mean C/O ratio increases from 1.04 to 1.36, thetransition in SiC2 strength occurring while 1.07<= C/O<= 1.18. This research has made use of the Simbad database operatedat CDS, Strasbourg, France. Table 10 is only available in electronicform at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5)}or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/369/178
| General Catalog of Galactic Carbon Stars by C. B. Stephenson. Third Edition
The catalog is an updated and revised version of Stephenson's Catalogueof Galactic Cool Carbon Stars (2nd edition). It includes 6891 entries.For each star the following information is given: equatorial (2000.0)and galactic coordinates, blue, visual and infrared magnitudes, spectralclassification, references, designations in the most significantcatalogs and coordinate precision classes. The main catalog issupplemented by remarks containing information for which there was noplace in entries of the main part, as well as some occasional notesabout the peculiarities of specific stars.
| Baldone Schmidt Telescope Plate Archive and Catalogue
The article presents information on the archive and catalogue of theastrophotos taken with the Schmidt telescope of the Institute ofAstronomy of the University of Latvia (until July 1, 1997 --Radioastrophysical Observatory of the Latvian Academy of Sciences) inthe period 1967--1998. The archive and catalogue contain more than 22000direct and 2300 spectral photos of various sky regions. Information onthe types of photo materials and color filters used as well as on mostfrequently photographed sky fields or objects is given. The catalogue isavailable in a computer readable form at the Institute of Astronomy ofthe University of Latvia and at the Astrophysical Observatory in Baldone(Riekstukalns, Baldone, LV-2125, Latvia), e-mail: astra@latnet.lv.
| Classification and Identification of IRAS Sources with Low-Resolution Spectra
IRAS low-resolution spectra were extracted for 11,224 IRAS sources.These spectra were classified into astrophysical classes, based on thepresence of emission and absorption features and on the shape of thecontinuum. Counterparts of these IRAS sources in existing optical andinfrared catalogs are identified, and their optical spectral types arelisted if they are known. The correlations between thephotospheric/optical and circumstellar/infrared classification arediscussed.
| Interstellar extinction and the intrinsic spectral distribution of variable carbon stars.
We present a new method of evaluation of the extinction by interstellardust on cool carbon variables. These late-type stars show no markedrelationship between spectral classification (the R, N- and C-types) andphotometric colour indices. The pair method is thus ruled out, at leastin the form currently in use for early-type or intermediate stars. Ourmethod makes use of the whole spectral energy distributions from UV toIR. A sample of 60 unreddened carbon variables is delineated and newcolour-colour diagrams are proposed where the reddening vector is nearlyperpendicular to their narrow intrinsic locus. Six photometric groups(or boxes : CV1 to 6) are derived among unreddened stars. They show acontinuous range of spectral energy distributions from "bluer" to"redder", and mean colour indices are obtained. A pair method isdescribed where each presumably reddened star is compared to these meanunreddened stars, a given extinction law being assumed. As anillustration, the results are shown for a sample of 133 well-documentedstars. The mean extinction law usually adopted for the diffuseinterstellar medium (R_V_=~3.1) is shown to provide good fits. Thethreshold for reddening detection turns to be E(B-V)=~0.02-0.03A goodcorrelation is observed when the derived colour excesses are compared tovalues from maps in the literature. The mean rate of visual extinctionamounts to =~1.25+/-1.1 , ranging from 0.37 nearl=~240° (intercloud) to 2.1 (cloud + intercloud) in two structurescorrelated with Gould's belt.
| A Moderate-Resolution Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars: R, J, N, CH, and Barium Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJS..105..419B&db_key=AST
| Quantitative analysis of carbon isotopic ratios in carbon stars. I. 62 N-type and 15 SC-type carbon stars.
We present a result of quantitative analysis of ^12^C/^13^C ratios in 62N-type and 15 SC-type carbon stars. By the use of CCD as a detector wecan obtain spectra of resolution ~20,000 with enough signal-to-noiseratios for a large number of carbon stars, for which ^12^C/^13^C ratioshave not yet been derived. Carbon isotopic ratios are determined fromlines of the CN red system around 8000A, based on the iso-intensitymethod and line-blanketed model atmospheres. The average of ^12^C/^13^Cratios in 62 N-type carbon stars is found to be 27+/-11 (standarddeviation). The majority of the N-type carbon stars studied (about 85%)are found to have ^12^C/^13^C ratios less than 40, and the number ofstars which have ^12^C/^13^C ratios larger than 40 is found to berelatively small. This result shows a marked contrast to some of theprevious results that have shown the opposite distribution, namely,^12^C/^13^C ratios mostly larger than 40 in N-type carbon stars. Theaverage of ^12^C/^13^C ratios in 15 SC-type carbon stars is found to be22+/-14 (standard deviation). Most of the SC-type carbon stars studiedare found to have ^12^C/^13^C ratios larger than 10, while only three ofthem turn out to be ^13^C-rich. This is in contrast with the earlierclassification based on low resolution spectra which classified them asJ-type, that is, ^13^C-rich. The earlier temperature scale whichclassified SC-type carbon stars as the latest (C8-9) based on theirstrong NaI D lines can not be necessarily justified. The strong NaI Dlines of SC stars should be attributed to the peculiar atmosphericstructure due to C/O ratios very near to unity. The resulting^12^C/^13^C ratios are partly consistent with the scenario in which Mgiants evolve through SC-type to N-type carbon stars, as ^12^C producedduring the helium shell flash is added to the envelope.
| Spectral indexes of cool carbon stars in the near-infrared region. III.
Not Available
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Evidence for Rapid Rotation of the Carbon Star V Hydrae
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995ApJ...450..862B&db_key=AST
| A high-resolution spectral atlas of carbon stars
We present a spectral atlas of six bright carbon stars (U Hya, TX Psc,RZ Peg, V Oph, Y CVn, and UV Cam) observed with the Hamilton EchelleSpectrograph at coude using the 3 m telescope at Lick Observatory. Thesedata are of high resolution (0.13 A at 6100 A) and high signal-to-noise.The spectral range spans from 5080 to 7850 A; however, there are gapsdue to the unmatched size of the echelle format and the charge coupleddevices (CCD). We have observed a total of 87 carbon stars in the solarneighborhood over the period from 1988 May through 1991 September, withtwo or more observations for 67 stars of the sample. The reduced spectra(40 orders per observation for a total of nearly 9200 individualspectra) will be available to the scientific community via theAstrophysics Data System (ADS). The current study has produced the mostdetailed multi-epoch observations to date of a large number of carbonstars. Presented here, along with spectra of the six sample stars, areseparate template plots to be used as a tool for the ADS on-linedatabase. These templates are of atomic features, as well as (12)CN and(12)C2 transitions taken from the tables of Davis & Phillips (1963)and Phillips & Davis (1968), respectively. We have calculated bandhead positions for the isotopic species (13)C (14)N, (12)C (13)C and(13)C (13)C, whose transitions contribute significantly to the spectraof carbon stars with enhanced C-13 abundance, known as J-type carbonstars.
| Whither the LSR: Anticenter carbon star velocities
We report new radial measurements of 179 carbon stars toward theGalactic anticenter with accuracies of 4 km/s. We derive distances tothe carbon stars from existing K-band photometry and derive an averagegalactocentric radius of 13.9 kpc for the stars in the sample. Using thenew velocities we find that the carbon star sample is moving radiallyoutward with respect to the local standard of rest at a velocity of 6.6+/- 1.7 km/s. This is in disagreement with the nonaxisymmetric rotationcurve model proposed by Blitz & Spergel, which predicts a motion inthe opposite direction. We find no systematic difference in the peculiarmotion on either side of the anticenter and see no significant trendwith distance. The radial velocity dispersion of sample is 23 km/s anddoes not appear to vary with increasing radius.
| A Catalog of li Abundances and Equivalent Widths in a Sample of Galactic C-Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&AS..102..361B&db_key=AST
| The radio properties of high-redshift quasars. I - Dual-frequency observations of 79 steep-spectrum quasars at Z over 1.5
We have made sensitive VLA observations of virtually all knownhigh-redshift radio-loud QSOs with extended radio morphologies. Theresulting images have angular resolutions of typically 0.4 and 0.15arcsec and are compiled here. This compilation of maps will permit theextraction of numerous radio source parameters, constituting a data basefor comprehensive statistical analyses to be explored in subsequentpapers. The data base is particularly useful for statistical studies.The key characteristics of the sample are the narrow redshift range, thenarrow distribution in linear resolutions of the maps, the narrowdistribution of map sensitivity to emitting regions of standard physicalcharacteristics, and the relatively narrow range of source luminosities.As a result of these properties, the sample enjoys relative freedom fromthe effects of parameter correlations with redshift and luminosity. Abrief discussion of the sample characteristics and some elaboration ofthe particular advantages of this sample are presented. Some cleartrends in the data are discussed briefly.
| Multi-epoch optical velocities of bright carbon stars
Cross-correlated optical radial velocities are presented of 87 brightcarbon stars, 67 with multiple epochs, as well as the velocities ofatomic transitions of K I, Li I, and Mg I. The mean optical velocityvariation is about 3 km/s for SR and Lb variables and 8.7 km/s forMiras. The spread in velocities among atomic lines at a given epoch issignificantly greater in Miras than in SR and Lb variables. Although LiI shows significant velocity variation in Miras, K I is more stable.Thirteen of 33 carbon stars with H-alpha emission also show bright Mg Iemission in a type of inverse P-Cygni profile, and each of these 13stars shows a clear splitting of the K I resonance line. Only two stars,R For and CL Mon, show K I as P-Cygni profile. J-type carbon stars havedeeper Li absorption profiles than other carbon stars in the sample.
| Photoelectric photometry of carbon, barium and related stars in the Vilnius system and their colour excesses. II
The paper contains a catalogue of 63 galactic field carbon, barium, andrelated stars. The catalogue presents the results of photoelectricphotometry in the Vilnius system, together with the data compiled fromthe literature. Several methods are used to estimate color excessesE(B-V) of the stars.
| Spectral indexes of cool carbon stars in the near-infrared region. II
Following the previous paper (Tanaka et al., 1990, hereafter as PaperI), near-infrared spectroscopic observations of cool carbon stars havebeen continued with the Fourier transform spectrometer and the 188 cmreflector at Okayama Astrophysical Observatory. Sixty-six spectra of 63carbon stars were analyzed. Eighteen stars were newly added to theprogram stars, and the total number of the analyzed carbon stars reached101. Three spectral indexes defined in Paper I; the color index, theCO-index, and the C2-index were measured. The same analysis was madeindependently as before, because the spectra were taken at differentphases of their variabilities and their signal-to-noise ratios were muchimproved by careful observations. General trends of the results obtainedin Paper I are confirmed.
| Northern Milky Way carbon stars - New candidates, JHK photometry, and radial velocities
Data are presented for low-latitude northern Milky Way carbon stars.Coordinates and cross identifications are given for carbon stars in ninefields thought to be unusually transparent. Of these, 142 are confirmednew discoveries. Five hundred thirty-eight JHK photometric observationsare reported for 480 stars. Six hundred twenty velocity measurements arepresented for 424 stars. Improved coordinates are given for manypreviously discovered stars. Averaged JHK photometry and velocities aresummarized for a sample of 400 stars.
| High-luminosity carbon stars in the galactic anticenter
K-band magnitudes of 211 carbon stars in the Galactic anticenter arepresented. The surface density, brightness range, and observed colors ofstars in the sample are discussed. It is suggested that the K-bandextinction gradient in the Galactic plane near l = 180 deg is between0.15 and 0.3/kpc. In contrast to the total density of stars, it is foundthat the density of high-luminosity carbon stars does not decrease inthe anticenter region out to at least 3 kpc from the sun. It is proposedthat this is due to the fact that lower metallicity stars spend moretime as carbon stars compared to stars of solar metallicity. Also, it isshown that the average mass-loss rates from high-luminosity carbon starsin the anticenter direction appear to be lower by a factor of 1.7 thanthose for carbon stars in the solar neighborhood.
| A general catalogue of cool carbon stars
Not Available
| IRAS low-resolution spectra of cool carbon stars. II - Stars with thin circumstellar shells. III - Stars with thick circumstellar shells
IRAS low-resolution spectra and broad-band data and near-IR photometryare analyzed for 72 carbon stars with near-IR color temperatures over2000 K. Seven stars have an almost featureless spectrum without dustemission in the LRS wavelength region. The majority of the sample starshave the 11.5 micron SiC and an unidentified 8.6 micron emission featuresuperposed on the stellar continuum. The strength of the latter featurecorrelates with the strength of the 3 micron absorption band and isprobably of molecular origin. The broad-band data exhibit a 60 micronexcess which is ascribed to a cool dust shell. The IR spectral energydistributions of those stars with thick circumstellar shells areanalyzed. The slope of the far-IR flux can best be explained by theexistence of a well-defined outer boundary of the dust shell. Thetemperature at this outer boundary implies that the present high massloss rate started 100-1000 yr ago.
| A flux-limited sample of Galactic carbon stars
Published observational data (including IRAS observations) for aflux-limited sample of 215 Galactic carbon stars (CSs) selected from the2-micron sky survey of Neugebauer and Leighton (1969) are compiled inextensive tables and graphs and analyzed statistically. The sample isfound to penetrate a volume of radius 1.5 kpc, and the local CS spacedensity and surface density are calculated as log rho0 (per cu kpc) =2.0 + or - 0.4 and log N (per sq kpc) = 1.6 + or - 0.2, respectively.The total Galactic mass-return rate from these CSs is estimated as 0.013solar mass/yr, implying a time scale of 0.1-1 Myr for the CSevolutionary phase and a mass of 1.2-1.6 solar mass for the (probablyF-type) main-seqence progenitors of CSs.
| A search for cool carbon stars. II - Anticenter region
A search for cool carbon stars has been consecutively made using the 4deg prism spectra of the Kiso 105 cm Schmidt telescope. The areasurveyed in this paper is the 200 square-deg area toward the Galacticanticenter (l=170 to 190 deg, b=-14 to +8 deg). The paper presents thecelestial position, V magnitude, and the finding chart of 125 coolcarbon stars of which 21 stars are newly descovered. The variability andthe distribution of the present sample are discussed referring to theprevious catalogs of carbon stars in this sky area.
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