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Can Life Develop in the Expanded Habitable Zones around Red Giant Stars?
We present some new ideas about the possibility of life developingaround subgiant and red giant stars. Our study concerns the temporalevolution of the habitable zone. The distance between the star and thehabitable zone, as well as its width, increases with time as aconsequence of stellar evolution. The habitable zone moves outward afterthe star leaves the main sequence, sweeping a wider range of distancesfrom the star until the star reaches the tip of the asymptotic giantbranch. Currently there is no clear evidence as to when life actuallyformed on the Earth, but recent isotopic data suggest life existed atleast as early as 7×108 yr after the Earth was formed.Thus, if life could form and evolve over time intervals from5×108 to 109 yr, then there could behabitable planets with life around red giant stars. For a 1Msolar star at the first stages of its post-main-sequenceevolution, the temporal transit of the habitable zone is estimated to beseveral times 109 yr at 2 AU and around 108 yr at9 AU. Under these circumstances life could develop at distances in therange 2-9 AU in the environment of subgiant or giant stars, and in thefar distant future in the environment of our own solar system. After astar completes its first ascent along the red giant branch and the Heflash takes place, there is an additional stable period of quiescent Hecore burning during which there is another opportunity for life todevelop. For a 1 Msolar star there is an additional109 yr with a stable habitable zone in the region from 7 to22 AU. Space astronomy missions, such as proposed for the TerrestrialPlanet Finder (TPF) and Darwin, that focus on searches for signatures oflife on extrasolar planets, should also consider the environments ofsubgiants and red giant stars as potentially interesting sites forunderstanding the development of life. We performed a preliminaryevaluation of the difficulty of interferometric observations of planetsaround red giant stars compared to a main-sequence star environment. Weshow that pathfinder missions for TPF and Darwin, such as Eclipse andFKSI, have sufficient angular resolution and sensitivity to search forhabitable planets around some of the closest evolved stars of thesubgiant and red giant class.
| The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I.
We have embarked on a project, under the aegis of the Nearby Stars(NStars)/Space Interferometry Mission Preparatory Science Program, toobtain spectra, spectral types, and, where feasible, basic physicalparameters for the 3600 dwarf and giant stars earlier than M0 within 40pc of the Sun. In this paper, we report on the results of this projectfor the first 664 stars in the northern hemisphere. These resultsinclude precise, homogeneous spectral types, basic physical parameters(including the effective temperature, surface gravity, and overallmetallicity [M/H]), and measures of the chromospheric activity of ourprogram stars. Observed and derived data presented in this paper arealso available on the project's Web site.
| Kinematics of Hipparcos Visual Binaries. II. Stars with Ground-Based Orbital Solutions
This paper continues kinematical investigations of the Hipparcos visualbinaries with known orbits. A sample, consisting of 804 binary systemswith orbital elements determined from ground-based observations, isselected. The mean relative error of their parallaxes is about 12% andthe mean relative error of proper motions is about 4%. However, even 41%of the sample stars lack radial velocity measurements. The computedGalactic velocity components and other kinematical parameters are usedto divide the stars with known radial velocities into kinematical agegroups. The majority (92%) of binaries from the sample are thin diskstars, 7.6% have thick disk kinematics and only two binaries have halokinematics. Among them, the long-period variable Mira Ceti has a verydiscordant {Hipparcos} and ground-based parallax values. From the wholesample, 60 stars are ascribed to the thick disk and halo population.There is an urgent need to increase the number of the identified halobinaries with known orbits and substantially improve the situation withradial velocity data for stars with known orbits.
| M-Type Vega-like Stars
We carried out a search for M-type Vega-like stars by correlating theIRAS Faint Source Catalog with Hipparcos-selected M-type stars. Threestars with apparent IRAS 25 μm excess emission are shown instead tobe non-IR-excess stars from ground-based 11.7 and 17.9 μm photometry.Two stars previously suggested to have Vega-like mid-IR excess are alsoshown to be nonexcess stars. These results imply that other suggestedmid-IR-excess stars in the literature may also be false excess stars.Detection threshold bias is apparently responsible for these bogus IRexcesses. Sixty micron excess emission from a previously known M-typeVega-like star (GJ 803) is identified again.
| Statistics of spectroscopic sub-systems in visual multiple stars
A large sample of visual multiples of spectral types F5-M has beensurveyed for the presence of spectroscopic sub-systems. Some 4200 radialvelocities of 574 components were measured in 1994-2000 with thecorrelation radial velocity meter. A total of 46 new spectroscopicorbits were computed for this sample. Physical relations are establishedfor most of the visual systems and several optical components areidentified as well. The period distribution of sub-systems has a maximumat periods from 2 to 7 days, likely explained by a combination of tidaldissipation with triple-star dynamics. The fraction of spectroscopicsub-systems among the dwarf components of close visual binaries withknown orbits is similar to that of field dwarfs, from 11% to 18% percomponent. Sub-systems are more frequent among the components of widevisual binaries and among wide tertiary components to the known visualor spectroscopic binaries - 20% and 30%, respectively. In triple systemswith both outer (visual) and inner (spectroscopic) orbits known, we findan anti-correlation between the periods of inner sub-systems and theeccentricities of outer orbits which must be related to dynamicalstability constraints. Tables 1, 2, and 6 are only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/382/118
| Two-colour photometry for 9473 components of close Hipparcos double and multiple stars
Using observations obtained with the Tycho instrument of the ESAHipparcos satellite, a two-colour photometry is produced for componentsof more than 7 000 Hipparcos double and multiple stars with angularseparations 0.1 to 2.5 arcsec. We publish 9473 components of 5173systems with separations above 0.3 arcsec. The majority of them did nothave Tycho photometry in the Hipparcos catalogue. The magnitudes arederived in the Tycho B_T and V_T passbands, similar to the Johnsonpassbands. Photometrically resolved components of the binaries withstatistically significant trigonometric parallaxes can be put on an HRdiagram, the majority of them for the first time. Based on observationsmade with the ESA Hipparcos satellite.
| Micrometer and CCD Measurements of Double Stars (Series 51)
36 micrometric measurements of 20 double or multiple systems carried outwith the Zeiss 65/1055 cm Refractor of Belgrade Observatory arecommunicated. Also 35 CCD measurements of 15 double or multiple systemsare included.
| Observations of Double Stars and New Pairs. XVII.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJS..105..475H&db_key=AST
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Not Available
Not Available
| A preliminary compilation of DS-programme star positions
A catalog is presented of the double-star-program (DS-program) starpositions, listing right ascensions for 930 DSs and declinations for1225 DSs of the program. The positions were compiled from the observedvalues obtained between 1980 and 1987 with the meridian circles of sixUSSR observatories (the Moscow, Kazan', Kiev, Khar'kov, Odessa, andTashkent Observatories) and the Belgrade Observatory. The measurementsand the treatment of the observational material were performed using therelative method, and the FK-4 system stars were used as reference stars.
| Orbits of 20 Visual Binaries
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1988A&AS...72..543H&db_key=AST
| Micrometer observations of double stars and new pairs. XIII
From a program of double star observations which emphasizes orbital,neglected, and newly discovered pairs, results obtained from October1984 to January 1987 are presented. A total of 3030 visual and 550photographic measures are listed. The positions in WDS format andDurchmusterung numbers are shown for 117 pairs for which firstobservations appear in this paper. Magnitudes are estimated for some ofthe objects.
| Photographic astrometry of binary and proper-motion stars. III
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1987AJ.....94.1077H&db_key=AST
| Search for systematic effects in photographic measurements of visual binaries
Photographic plates (265) of selected visual double stars obtained bymeans of the 105 cm astrometric reflector of the AstronomicalObservatory of Torino have been taken during 1984. 118 visual doublestars of this series of observations (the 7th) have been measured twiceby two persons using two different measuring machines. In this paper thesingle measures of the polar coordinates for each person and the averagevalues obtained combining the two types of measures are reported. Ananalysis of the systematic errors due to the two systems of measurementand considerations about the type of motion of each binary are given.
| Micrometric observations of visual double stars
A new program of visual double-star observations obtained during theperiod from May 26, 1982 to Feb. 24, 1983 at the Torino AstronomicalObservatory is discussed. A list concerning 480 micrometric measurementsof 149 pairs is reported. For orbital double stars, a comparison withthe orbits reported by Muller and Couteau (1979) is given.
| Photometric and astrometric observations of close visual binaries
The first photoelectric sequence for the magnitude differences of 215close visual binaries in the Johnson UBV and Stromgren uvby systems havebeen established. In addition, the position angle and the separation of140 stars were measured. Finally, for 134 stars, new photoelectricmeasurements of the combined integral brightness of both components inthe UBV and Stromgren systems were made. The measurements were carriedout using the area scanning technique.
| Some Cross-Reference Lists for the Catalog of Possible Nearby Stars
Not Available
| Micrometer Observations of Double Stars and New Pairs - Part Ten
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1980ApJS...44..111H&db_key=AST
| Catalogue of stars with CaII H and K emissions
Not Available
| Possible nearby stars brighter than tenth magnitude
Basic data are compiled for 447 stars brighter than 10th visualmagnitude which may be within 25 pc of the sun and are missing from boththe Gliese (1969) and the Woolley et al. (1970) catalogs of nearbystars. The list includes 245 stars with photometric parallaxes, 17 starswith trigonometric parallaxes, and nine stars with dynamical parallaxes,all of which parallaxes are at least 0.040 arcsec, as well as 176 likelycandidates. The stars are grouped into six categories according to thereliability of absolute-magnitude estimates and ranked within each groupon the basis of calculated distance. The distance estimates incorporatea kinematic correction to the photometric parallaxes which is based onthe size of a star's proper motion. A list of stars brighter than 10thmag which appear in the Gliese but not in the Woolley et al. catalog isalso provided to facilitate cross-reference with existing catalogs ofnearby stars.
| Double star measures at Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, California.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1978PASP...90..465H&db_key=AST
| Photographic measures of double stars. II
Measures are presented for 302 double stars photographed on 657 plateswith the 36-in. Lick refractor in the period between 1945 and 1962. Thedata provided include the observing epochs, the rectangular coordinatesof the secondary components with reference to the respective primaries,the mean errors of a single measurement, the computed mean errors, thedouble-star separations, and the position angles both for the observingepoch and reduced to the equator of 2000. An additional 561 unmeasuredplates of acceptable quality obtained between 1948 and 1960 are listed.
| Photographic observations of visual double stars
Mean positions, the corresponding epochs, relative separations, positionangles, and mean errors are presented for 95 pairs of visual doublestars, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. The results were obtained bymeasuring plates taken with the 60-cm visual refractor of BosschaObservatory, Lembang, Indonesia, over a 16-yr period. The reductionmethod used in determining the mean positions, epochs, and errors isdiscussed.
| Micrometer observations of double stars.8.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1975ApJS...29..315H&db_key=AST
| Double Star Measures at Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, California
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1974PASP...86..902H&db_key=AST
| Mesures d'étoiles doubles faites à l'équatorial de 38 CM de l'Observatoire de Paris
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1972A&AS....6..147B&db_key=AST
| Mikrometermessungen von Doppelsternen. VI.
Not Available
| Photoelectric observations of Fe I line in late-type steller spectra
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1966MNRAS.133...99S&db_key=AST
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