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Fast Winds and Mass Loss from Metal-Poor Field Giants
Echelle spectra of the infrared He I λ10830 line were obtainedwith NIRSPEC on the Keck 2 telescope for 41 metal-deficient field giantstars including those on the red giant branch (RGB), asymptotic giantbranch (AGB), and red horizontal branch (RHB). The presence of this He Iline is ubiquitous in stars with T effgsim 4500 K andMV fainter than -1.5, and reveals the dynamics of theatmosphere. The line strength increases with effective temperature for Teffgsim 5300 K in RHB stars. In AGB and RGB stars, the linestrength increases with luminosity. Fast outflows (gsim 60 kms-1) are detected from the majority of the stars andabout 40% of the outflows have sufficient speed as to allow escape ofmaterial from the star as well as from a globular cluster. Outflowspeeds and line strengths do not depend on metallicity for our sample([Fe/H]= -0.7 to -3.0), suggesting the driving mechanism forthese winds derives from magnetic and/or hydrodynamic processes. Gasoutflows are present in every luminous giant, but are not detected inall stars of lower luminosity indicating possible variability. Mass lossrates ranging from ~3 × 10-10 to ~6 ×10-8 M sun yr-1 estimatedfrom the Sobolev approximation for line formation represent values withevolutionary significance for red giants and RHB stars. We estimate that0.2 M sun will be lost on the RGB, and the torque of thiswind can account for observations of slowly rotating RHB stars in thefield. About 0.1-0.2 M sun will be lost on the RHB itself.This first empirical determination of mass loss on the RHB maycontribute to the appearance of extended horizontal branches in globularclusters. The spectra appear to resolve the problem of missingintracluster material in globular clusters. Opportunities exist for"wind smothering" of dwarf stars by winds from the evolved population,possibly leading to surface pollution in regions of high stellardensity.Data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, whichis operated as a scientific partnership among the California Instituteof Technology, the University of California, and the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possibleby the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.
| An Overview of the Rotational Behavior of Metal-poor Stars
This paper describes the behavior of the rotational velocity inmetal-poor stars ([Fe/H] <= -0.5 dex) in different evolutionarystages, based on vsin i values from the literature. Our sample iscomprised of stars in the field and some Galactic globular clusters,including stars on the main sequence, the red giant branch (RGB), andthe horizontal branch (HB). The metal-poor stars are, mainly, slowrotators, and their vsin i distribution along the HR diagram is quitehomogeneous. Nevertheless, a few moderate to high values of vsin i arefound in stars located on the main sequence and the HB. We show that theoverall distribution of vsin i values is basically independent ofmetallicity for the stars in our sample. In particular, thefast-rotating main sequence stars in our sample present rotation ratessimilar to their metal-rich counterparts, suggesting that some of themmay actually be fairly young, in spite of their low metallicity, or elsethat at least some of them would be better classified as blue stragglerstars. We do not find significant evidence of evolution in vsin i valuesas a function of position on the RGB; in particular, we do not confirmprevious suggestions that stars close to the RGB tip rotate faster thantheir less-evolved counterparts. While the presence of fast rotatorsamong moderately cool blue HB stars has been suggested to be due toangular momentum transport from a stellar core that has retainedsignificant angular momentum during its prior evolution, we find thatany such transport mechanisms most likely operate very fast as the stararrives on the zero-age HB (ZAHB), since we do not find a link betweenevolution off the ZAHB and vsin i values. We present an extensivetabulation of all quantities discussed in this paper, including rotationvelocities, temperatures, gravities, and metallicities [Fe/H], as wellas broadband magnitudes and colors.
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| Empirically Constrained Color-Temperature Relations. II. uvby
A new grid of theoretical color indices for the Strömgren uvbyphotometric system has been derived from MARCS model atmospheres and SSGsynthetic spectra for cool dwarf and giant stars having-3.0<=[Fe/H]<=+0.5 and 3000<=Teff<=8000 K. Atwarmer temperatures (i.e., 8000-2.0. To overcome thisproblem, the theoretical indices at intermediate and high metallicitieshave been corrected using a set of color calibrations based on fieldstars having well-determined distances from Hipparcos, accurateTeff estimates from the infrared flux method, andspectroscopic [Fe/H] values. In contrast with Paper I, star clustersplayed only a minor role in this analysis in that they provided asupplementary constraint on the color corrections for cool dwarf starswith Teff<=5500 K. They were mainly used to test thecolor-Teff relations and, encouragingly, isochrones thatemploy the transformations derived in this study are able to reproducethe observed CMDs (involving u-v, v-b, and b-y colors) for a number ofopen and globular clusters (including M67, the Hyades, and 47 Tuc)rather well. Moreover, our interpretations of such data are verysimilar, if not identical, with those given in Paper I from aconsideration of BV(RI)C observations for the sameclusters-which provides a compelling argument in support of thecolor-Teff relations that are reported in both studies. Inthe present investigation, we have also analyzed the observedStrömgren photometry for the classic Population II subdwarfs,compared our ``final'' (b-y)-Teff relationship with thosederived empirically in a number of recent studies and examined in somedetail the dependence of the m1 index on [Fe/H].Based, in part, on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope,operated jointly on the island of La Palma by Denmark, Finland, Iceland,Norway, and Sweden, in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de losMuchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.Based, in part, on observations obtained with the Danish 1.54 mtelescope at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile.
| Mapping the Galactic Halo. VI. Spectroscopic Measures of Luminosity and Metallicity
We present our calibration of spectroscopic measures of luminosity andmetallicity for halo giant candidates and give metallicities anddistances for our first sample of spectroscopically confirmed giants.These giants have distances ranging from 15 to 83 kpc. As surveys reachfarther into the Galaxy's halo with K giant samples, identification ofgiants becomes more difficult. This is because the numbers of foregroundhalo K dwarfs rise for V magnitudes of 19-20, typical for halo giants at~100 kpc. Our photometric survey uses the strength of the Mg b/H featurenear 5170 Å to weed K dwarfs out of the disk and thick disk, butwe need spectroscopic measures of the strength of the Ca II K, Ca Iλ4227, and Mg b/H features to distinguish between the verymetal-poor dwarfs and halo giants. Using a full error analysis of ourspectroscopic measures, we show why a signal-to-noise ratio of ~15pixel-1 at Ca I λ4227 and ~10 at Ca II K is needed forreliable luminosity discrimination. We use the Ca II K and Mg b featuresto measure metallicity in our halo giants, with typical errors (randomplus systematic) of 0.3 dex for [Fe/H] values from -0.8 to -3.0.
| Spectroscopic Binaries, Velocity Jitter, and Rotation in Field Metal-poor Red Giant and Red Horizontal-Branch Stars
We summarize 2007 radial velocity measurements of 91 metal-poor fieldred giants. Excluding binary systems with orbital solutions, ourcoverage averages 13.7 yr per star, with a maximum of 18.0 yr. We reportfour significant findings. (1) Sixteen stars are found to bespectroscopic binaries, and we present orbital solutions for 14 of them.The spectroscopic binary frequency of the metal-poor red giants, with[Fe/H]<=-1.4, for periods less than 6000 days, is 16%+/-4%, which isnot significantly different from that of comparable-metallicity fielddwarfs, 17%+/-2%. The two CH stars in our program, BD -1°2582 and HD135148, are both spectroscopic binaries. (2) Velocity jitter is presentamong about 40% of the giants with MV<=-1.4. The twobest-observed cases, HD 3008 and BD +22°2411, showpseudoperiodicities of 172 and 186 days, longer than any knownlong-period variable in metal-poor globular clusters. Photometricvariability seen in HD 3008 and three other stars showing velocityjitter hints that starspots are the cause. However, the phasing of thevelocity data with the photometry data from Hipparcos is not consistentwith a simple starspot model for HD 3008. We argue against orbitalmotion effects and radial pulsation, so rotational modulation remainsthe best explanation. The implied rotational velocities for HD 3008 andBD +22°2411, both with MV<=-1.4 and R~50Rsolar, exceed 12 km s-1. (3) Including HD 3008and BD +22°2411, we have found signs of significant excess linebroadening in eight of the 17 red giants with MV<=-1.4,which we interpret as rotation. In three cases, BD +30°2034, CD-37°14010, and HD 218732, the rotation is probably induced by tidallocking between axial rotation and the observed orbital motion with astellar companion. But this cannot explain the other five stars in oursample that display signs of significant rotation. This high frequencyof elevated rotational velocities does not appear to be caused bystellar mass transfer or mergers: there are too few main-sequencebinaries with short enough periods. We also note that the lack of anynoticeable increase in mean rotation at the magnitude level of the redgiant branch luminosity function ``bump'' argues against the rapidrotation's being caused by the transport of internal angular momentum tothe surface. Capture of a planetary-mass companion as a red giantexpands in radius could explain the high rotational velocities. (4) Wealso find significant rotation in at least six of the roughly 15 (40%)red horizontal-branch stars in our survey. It is likely that theenhanced rotation seen among a significant fraction of both blue and redhorizontal-branch stars arose when these stars were luminous red giants.Rapid rotation alone therefore appears insufficient cause to populatethe blue side of the horizontal branch. While the largest projectedrotational velocities seen among field blue and red horizontal-branchstars are consistent with their different sizes, neither are consistentwith the large values we find for the largest red giants. This suggeststhat some form of angular momentum loss (and possibly mass loss) hasbeen at work. Also puzzling is the apparent absence of rotation seen infield RR Lyrae variables. Angular momentum transfer and conservation inevolved metal-poor field stars thus pose many interesting questions forthe evolution of low-mass stars.
| Kinematics of Metal-poor Stars in the Galaxy. II. Proper Motions for a Large Nonkinematically Selected Sample
We present a revised catalog of 2106 Galactic stars, selected withoutkinematic bias and with available radial velocities, distance estimates,and metal abundances in the range -4.0<=[Fe/H]<=0.0. This updateof the 1995 Beers & Sommer-Larsen catalog includes newly derivedhomogeneous photometric distance estimates, revised radial velocitiesfor a number of stars with recently obtained high-resolution spectra,and refined metallicities for stars originally identified in the HKobjective-prism survey (which account for nearly half of the catalog)based on a recent recalibration. A subset of 1258 stars in this cataloghave available proper motions based on measurements obtained with theHipparcos astrometry satellite or taken from the updated AstrographicCatalogue (second epoch positions from either the Hubble Space TelescopeGuide Star Catalog or the Tycho Catalogue), the Yale/San Juan SouthernProper Motion Catalog 2.0, and the Lick Northern Proper Motion Catalog.Our present catalog includes 388 RR Lyrae variables (182 of which arenewly added), 38 variables of other types, and 1680 nonvariables, withdistances in the range 0.1 to 40 kpc.
| Mapping the Galactic Halo. I. The ``Spaghetti'' Survey
We describe a major survey of the Milky Way halo designed to test forkinematic substructure caused by destruction of accreted satellites. Weuse the Washington photometric system to identify halo stars efficientlyfor spectroscopic follow-up. Tracers include halo giants (detectable outto more than 100 kpc), blue horizontal-branch (BHB) stars, halo starsnear the main-sequence turnoff, and the ``blue metal-poor stars'' ofPreston, Beers, & Shectman. We demonstrate the success of our surveyby showing spectra of stars we have identified in all these categories,including giants as distant as 75 kpc. We discuss the problem ofidentifying the most distant halo giants. In particular, extremelymetal-poor halo K dwarfs are present in approximately equal numbers tothe distant giants for V>18, and we show that our method willdistinguish reliably between these two groups of metal-poor stars. Weplan to survey 100 deg2 at high Galactic latitude and expectto increase the numbers of known halo giants, BHB stars, and turnoffstars by more than an order of magnitude. In addition to the strong testthat this large sample will provide for the question, Was the Milky Wayhalo accreted from satellite galaxies? we will improve the accuracy ofmass measurements of the Milky Way beyond 50 kpc via the kinematics ofthe many distant giants and BHB stars we find. We show that one of ourfirst data sets constrains the halo density law over Galactocentricradii of 5-20 kpc and z-heights of 2-15 kpc. The data support aflattened power-law halo with b/a of 0.6 and exponent -3.0. More complexmodels with a varying axial ratio may be needed with a larger data set.
| The effective temperature scale of giant stars (F0-K5). I. The effective temperature determination by means of the IRFM
We have applied the InfraRed Flux Method (IRFM) to a sample ofapproximately 500 giant stars in order to derive their effectivetemperatures with an internal mean accuracy of about 1.5% and a maximumuncertainty in the zero point of the order of 0.9%. For the applicationof the IRFM, we have used a homogeneous grid of theoretical modelatmosphere flux distributions developed by \cite[Kurucz (1993)]{K93}.The atmospheric parameters of the stars roughly cover the ranges: 3500 K<= T_eff <= 8000 K; -3.0 <= [Fe/H] <= +0.5; 0.5 <= log(g) <= 3.5. The monochromatic infrared fluxes at the continuum arebased on recent photometry with errors that satisfy the accuracyrequirements of the work. We have derived the bolometric correction ofgiant stars by using a new calibration which takes the effect ofmetallicity into account. Direct spectroscopic determinations ofmetallicity have been adopted where available, although estimates basedon photometric calibrations have been considered for some stars lackingspectroscopic ones. The adopted infrared absolute flux calibration,based on direct optical measurements of stellar angular diameters, putsthe effective temperatures determined in this work in the same scale asthose obtained by direct methods. We have derived up to fourtemperatures, TJ, TH, TK and T_{L'},for each star using the monochromatic fluxes at different infraredwavelengths in the photometric bands J, H, K and L'. They show goodconsistency over 4000 K, and there is no appreciable trend withwavelength, metallicity and/or temperature. We provide a detaileddescription of the steps followed for the application of the IRFM, aswell as the sources of error and their effect on final temperatures. Wealso provide a comparison of the results with previous work.
| Broad-band JHK(L') photometry of a sample of giants with 0.5 > [Fe/H] > -3
We present the results of a three-year campaign of broad-band photometryin the near-infrared J, H, K and L' bands for a sample of approximately250 giant stars carried out at the Observatorio del Teide (Tenerife,Spain). Transformations of the Telescopio Carlos Sanchez systeminto/from several currently used infrared systems are extended to theredward part of the colour axis. The linearity of our photometric systemin the range -3 mag [Fe/H] >-3. Data of comparable quality previouslypublished have been added to the sample in order to increase thereliability of the relations to be obtained. We also provide mean IRcolours for giant stars according to spectral type.ables 1, 2 and 3 are only available in electronic form via the CDS(anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 or http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Early evolution of the Galactic halo revealed from Hipparcos observations of metal-poor stars
The kinematics of 122 red giant and 124 RR Lyrae stars in the solarneighborhood are studied using accurate measurements of their propermotions obtained by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, combined withtheir published photometric distances, metal abundances, and radialvelocities. A majority of these sample stars have metal abundances of(Fe/H) = -1 or less and thus represent the old stellar populations inthe Galaxy. The halo component, with (Fe/H) = -1.6 or less, ischaracterized by a lack of systemic rotation and a radially elongatedvelocity ellipsoid. About 16 percent of such metal-poor stars have loworbital eccentricities, and we see no evidence of a correlation between(Fe/H) and e. Based on the model for the e-distribution of orbits, weshow that this fraction of low-e stars for (Fe/H) = -1.6 or less isexplained by the halo component alone, without introducing the extradisk component claimed by recent workers. This is also supported by theabsence of a significant change in the e-distribution with height fromthe Galactic plane. In the intermediate-metallicity range, we find thatstars with disklike kinematics have only modest effects on thedistributions of rotational velocities and e for the sample at absolutevalue of z less than 1 kpc. This disk component appears to constituteonly 10 percent for (Fe/H) between -1.6 and -1 and 20 percent for (Fe/H)between -1.4 and -1.
| Ca II H and K Filter Photometry on the UVBY System. II. The Catalog of Observations
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995AJ....109.2828T&db_key=AST
| Kinematics of metal-poor stars in the galaxy
We discuss the kinematic properties of a sample of 1936 Galactic stars,selected without kinematic bias, and with abundances (Fe/H) is less thanor equal to -0.6. The stars selected for this study all have measuredradial velocities, and the majority have abundances determined fromspectroscopic or narrow-/intermediate-band photometric techniques. Incontrast to previous examinations of the kinematics of the metal-poorstars in the Galaxy, our sample contains large numbers of stars that arelocated at distances in excess of 1 kpc from the Galactic plane. Thus, amuch clearer picture of the nature of the metal-deficient populations inthe Galaxy can now be drawn.
| A spectroscopic survey of high-latitude fields and comparison to Galaxy models
The results of a spectroscopic survey of the stellar populations ofhigh-Galactic latitude fields in SA 94 and Serpens are presented andanalyzed. A set of six spectrophotometric indices is used to provideinformation on both the number and metallicity of evolved stars, whilemeasurement of another 11 spectrophotometric indices provides anestimate of (Fe/H) good to 0.25 dex for the evolved stars identified ineach field. A detailed comparison of the data with predictions of thestandard Bahcall-Soneira Galaxy model reveals serious discrepancies. Theproperties of giants with roughly solar metallicity are described wellby the disk giants predicted by the standard model. The sample isdominated by intermediate-metallicity giants whose properties are welldescribed by a thick-disk component with scale height of approximately700 pc that makes up about 5 percent of the solar neighborhood stellardensity.
| The kinematics of halo red giants
The present 337 radial velocities were obtained with typical accuraciesof 0.7 cm km/sec for 85 metal-poor field red giants, selected from thekinematically unbiased samples of Bond (1980) and Bidelman and MacConnel(1973). The multiply-observed stars suggest the field halo binaryfraction exceeds 10 percent. Using these velocities and those publishedby others, a sample of 174 red giants with Fe/H of not more than -1.5 isobtained. Their mean motion with respect to the local standard of restis -206 + or - 23 km/sec, and the velocity dispersions are sigma (R) of154 + or - 18 km/sec, sigma(theta) of 102 + or - 27 km/sec, andsigma(phi) of 107 + or - 15 km/sec. Using photometrically derivedabsolute magnitudes and published proper motions, orbital eccentricitiesare computed for 72 stars not already considered in a similar study ofsouthern stars by Norris et al. (1985). A few stars with e of less than0.4 are found.
| Catalogue of Metal-Deficient F-Stars to M-Stars - Part One - Stars Classified Spectroscopically - Supplement One
Not Available
| Metal-Deficient Giants in the Galactic Field - Catalogue and Some Physical Parameters
Not Available
| /V - R/ observations and effective temperatures for extremely metal-deficient red giants
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1983PASP...95...27S&db_key=AST
| Carbon and nitrogen abundances in extremely metal-deficient red giants
The relative carbon and nitrogen abundances of a sample of metal-poorhalo giants are analyzed with respect to their similarity with theabundances of similar stars in globular clusters. Spectra of 64 giantsselected from the objective prism survey of Bond (1980) were obtained ata resolution of 8 A in the spectral region 3100-5300 A. C/Fe and N/Feabundance ratios were estimated from the spectra by the method ofspectrum synthesis using metallicities estimated from H and K linestrengths. Halo giants with metallicities greater than or equal to -2.0,which are characteristic of giants in the M3 and M13 clusters, are foundto have C/Fe and N/Fe abundance distributions similar to those of M3 butnot M13, for which a greater carbon depletion and nitrogen enhancementis observed. Halo giants with metallicities less than -2.0 showed lesscarbon depletion and nitrogen enhancement than the corresponding M29stars. Globular cluster and field halo stars with the same metallicitiesthus do not appear to be derived from the same parent population.
| Extremely metal-deficient red giants. I - A new objective-prism, photometric, and radial-velocity survey
Results of an extensive objective-prism survey to detect extremelymetal-deficient red giants and a subsequent investigation of thephotometric and radial velocity properties of the newly discovered starsare presented. The 132 red giants with Fe/H abundance ratios less thanor equal to -1.5 discovered in the present objective-prism survey on a10-deg prism down to B magnitudes of 11.5, and by previousobjective-prism and other surveys, are listed, together with results ofradial velocity and photometric measurements. Examination of theStromgren m1 index calibrated against high-resolution spectroscopicdeterminations of the Fe-H abundance ratio indicates that population IIIfield giants with abundance ratios less than -3 are extremely rare. TheStromgren c1 index is used as an indicator of surface gravity andanomalous CH strengths, resulting in the identification of field redhorizontal-branch stars, field asymptotic-branch giants and subgiants.Radial velocities obtained for about half the stars reveal thatessentially all of them have halo motions, and that the incidence ofspectroscopic binaries is very low.
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