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Superflares on Ordinary Solar-Type Stars
Short-duration flares are well known to occur on cool main-sequencestars as well as on many types of ``exotic'' stars. Ordinarymain-sequence stars are usually pictured as being static on timescalesof millions or billions of years. Our Sun has occasional flaresinvolving up to ~1031 ergs that produce optical brighteningstoo small in amplitude to be detected in disk-integrated brightness.However, we identify nine cases of superflares involving1033-1038 ergs on normal solar-type stars. Thatis, these stars are on or near the main sequence, are of spectral classF8-G8, are single (or in very wide binaries), are not rapid rotators,and are not exceedingly young in age. This class of stars includes manyof those recently discovered to have planets as well as our own Sun, andthe consequences for any life on surrounding planets could be profound.For the case of the Sun, historical records suggest that no superflareshave occurred in the last two millennia.
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