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Long-term magnetic activity of a sample of M-dwarf stars from the HARPS program. I. Comparison of activity indices
Context. The search for extra-solar planets similar to Earth is becominga reality, but as the level of the measured radial-velocity reaches thesub-m s-1, stellar intrinsic sources of noise capable ofhiding the signal of these planets from scrutiny become more important. Aims: Other stars are known to have magnetic cycles similar tothat of the Sun. The relationship between these activity variations andthe observed radial-velocity is still not satisfactorily understood.Following our previous work, which studied the correlation betweenactivity cycles and long-term velocity variations for K dwarfs, we nowexpand it to the lower end of the main sequence. In this first paper ouraim is to assess the long-term activity variations in the low end of themain sequence, having in mind a planetary search perspective. Methods: We used a sample of 30 M0-M5.5 stars from the HARPS M-dwarfplanet search program with a median timespan of observations of 5.2years. We computed chromospheric activity indicators based on the Ca iiH and K, H?, He i D3, and Na i D1 and D2 lines. All data werebinned to average out undesired effects such as rotationally modulatedatmospheric inhomogeneities. We searched for long-term variability ofeach index and determined the correlations between them. Results:While the SCa II, H?, and Na i indices showedsignificant variability for a fraction of our stellar sample (39%, 33%,and 37%, respectively), only 10% of our stars presented significantvariability in the He i index. We therefore conclude that this index isa poor activity indicator at least for this type of stars. Although theH? shows good correlation with SCa II for the mostactive stars, the correlation is lost when the activity level decreases.This result appears to indicate that the Ca ii - H? correlation isdependent on the activity level of the star. The Na i lines correlatevery well with the SCa II index for the stars with lowactivity levels we used, and are thus a good chromospheric activityproxy for early-M dwarfs. We therefore strongly recommend the use of theNa i activity index because the signal-to-noise ratio in the sodiumlines spectral region is always higher than for the calcium lines.Based on observations made with the HARPS instrument on the ESO 3.6-mtelescope at La Silla Observatory under programme ID 072.C-0488(E).
| Long-term Chromospheric Activity in Southern M Dwarfs: Gl 229 a and Gl 752 A
Several late-type stars present activity cycles similar to that of theSun. However, these cycles have been mostly studied in F to K stars. Dueto their small intrinsic brightness, M dwarfs are not usually thetargets of long-term observational studies of stellar activity, andtheir long-term variability is generally not known. In this work, westudy the long-term activity of two M dwarf stars: Gl 229 A (M1/2) andGl 752 A (M2.5). We employ medium-resolution echelle spectra obtained atthe 2.15 m telescope at the Argentinian observatory CASLEO between 2000and 2010, and photometric observations obtained from the ASAS database.We analyze Ca II K line-core fluxes and the mean V magnitude with theLomb-Scargle periodogram, and we obtain possible activity cycles of ~4yr for Gl 229 A and ~7 yr for Gl 752 A.
| UBV(RI)C JHK observations of Hipparcos-selected nearby stars
We present homogeneous, standardized UBV(RI)C photometry forover 700 nearby stars selected on the basis of Hipparcos parallaxes.Additionally, we list JHK photometry for about half of these stars, aswell as L photometry for 86 of the brightest. A number of stars withpeculiar colours or anomalous locations in various colour-magnitudediagrams are discussed.
| XID II: Statistical Cross-Association of ROSAT Bright Source Catalog X-ray Sources with 2MASS Point Source Catalog Near-Infrared Sources
The 18,806 ROSAT All Sky Survey Bright Source Catalog (RASS/BSC) X-raysources are quantitatively cross-associated with near-infrared (NIR)sources from the Two Micron All Sky Survey Point Source Catalog(2MASS/PSC). An association catalog is presented, listing the mostlikely counterpart for each RASS/BSC source, the probability Pid that the NIR source and X-ray source are uniquelyassociated, and the probability P no-id that none of the2MASS/PSC sources are associated with the X-ray source. The catalogincludes 3853 high quality (P id>0.98) X-ray-NIR matches,2280 medium quality (0.98 >= P id>0.9) matches, and4153 low quality (0.9 >= P id>0.5) matches. Of the highquality matches, 1418 are associations that are not listed in the SIMBADdatabase, and for which no high quality match with a USNO-A2 opticalsource was presented for the RASS/BSC source in previous work. Thepresent work offers a significant number of new associations withRASS/BSC objects that will require optical/NIR spectroscopy forclassification. For example, of the 6133 P id>0.92MASS/PSC counterparts presented in the association catalog, 2411 haveno classification listed in the SIMBAD database. These 2MASS/PSC sourceswill likely include scientifically useful examples of known sourceclasses of X-ray emitters (white dwarfs, coronally active stars, activegalactic nuclei), but may also contain previously unknown sourceclasses. It is determined that all coronally active stars in theRASS/BSC should have a counterpart in the 2MASS/PSC, and that the uniqueassociation of these RASS/BSC sources with their NIR counterparts thusis confusion limited.
| A catalogue of chromospherically active binary stars (third edition)
The catalogue of chromospherically active binaries (CABs) has beenrevised and updated. With 203 new identifications, the number of CABstars is increased to 409. The catalogue is available in electronicformat where each system has a number of lines (suborders) with a uniqueorder number. The columns contain data of limited numbers of selectedcross references, comments to explain peculiarities and the position ofthe binarity in case it belongs to a multiple system, classicalidentifications (RS Canum Venaticorum, BY Draconis), brightness andcolours, photometric and spectroscopic data, a description of emissionfeatures (CaII H and K, Hα, ultraviolet, infrared),X-ray luminosity, radio flux, physical quantities and orbitalinformation, where each basic entry is referenced so users can go to theoriginal sources.
| The effect of activity on stellar temperatures and radii
Context: Recent analyses of low-mass eclipsing binary stars haveunveiled a significant disagreement between the observations andpredictions of stellar structure models. Results show that theoreticalmodels underestimate the radii and overestimate the effectivetemperatures of low-mass stars but yield luminosities that accord withobservations. A hypothesis based upon the effects of stellar activitywas put forward to explain the discrepancies. Aims: In this paper westudy the existence of the same trend in single active stars and providea consistent scenario to explain systematic differences between activeand inactive stars in the H-R diagram reported earlier. Methods: Theanalysis is done using single field stars of spectral types late-K and Mand computing their bolometric magnitudes and temperatures throughinfrared colours and spectral indices. The properties of the stars insamples of active and inactive stars are compared statistically toreveal systematic differences. Results: After accounting for a numberof possible bias effects, active stars are shown to be cooler thaninactive stars of similar luminosity therefore implying a larger radiusas well, in proportions that are in excellent agreement with those foundfrom eclipsing binaries. Conclusions: The present results generalisethe existence of strong radius and temperature dependences on stellaractivity to the entire population of low-mass stars, regardless of theirmembership in close binary systems.Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/478/507
| The spectroscopic binary system Gl 375. I. Orbital parameters and chromospheric activity
Aims:We study the spectroscopic binary system Gl 375 to characterise itsorbit and the spectral types and chromospheric activity levels of thecomponents. Methods: We employed medium-resolution echellespectra obtained at the 2.15 m telescope at the Argentinian observatoryCASLEO and photometric observations obtained from the ASAS database. Results: We have separated the composite spectra into thosecorresponding to both components. The separated spectra allow us toconfirm that the spectral types of both components are similar (dMe3.5)and to obtain precise measurements of the orbital period (P = 1.87844days), minimum masses (M_1 sin3 i = 0.35 {M}_&sun; and M_2sin3 i =0.33 {M}_&sun;), and other orbital parameters. Thephotometric observations exhibit a sinusoidal variation with the sameperiod as the orbital period. We interpreted this as signs of activeregions carried along with rotation in a tidally synchronised system,and studied the evolution of the amplitude of the modulation on longertimescales. Together with the mean magnitude, the modulation exhibits aroughly cyclic variation with a period of around 800 days. Thisperiodicity is also found in the flux of the Ca II K lines of bothcomponents, which seem to be in phase. Conclusions: The periodicchanges in the three observables are interpreted as a sign of a stellaractivity cycle. Both components appear to be in phase, which impliesthat they are magnetically connected. The measured cycle of ?2.2years (?800 days) is consistent with previous determinations ofactivity cycles in similar stars.The authors are visiting astronomers of the Complejo AstronómicoEl Leoncito, operated under an agreement between the Consejo Nacional deInvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de laRepública Argentina and the National Universities of La Plata,Córdoba, and San Juan.
| Further observations of Hipparcos red stars and standards for UBV(RI)C photometry
We present homogeneous and standardized UBV(RI)C JHKphotometry for over 100 M stars selected from an earlier paper on thebasis of apparent photometric constancy. L photometry has been obtainedfor stars brighter than about L = 6. Most of the stars have asubstantial number of UBV(RI)C observations and, it is hoped,will prove useful as red supplementary standards. Additionally, we listJHK photometry for nearly 300 Hipparcos red stars not selected asstandards, as well as L photometry for the brightest stars.
| Hα and the Ca II H and K lines as activity proxies for late-type stars
Context: The main chromospheric activity indicator is the S index, whichis the ratio of the flux in the core of the Ca II H and K lines to thecontinuum nearby, and is well studied for stars from F to K. Anotherchromospheric proxy is the Hα line, which is believed to betightly correlated with the Ca II index. Aims: In this work wecharacterize both chromospheric activity indicators, the one associatedwith the H and K Ca II lines and the other with Hα, for the wholerange of late type stars, from F to M. Methods: We present periodicmedium-resolution echelle observations covering the complete visualrange, taken at the CASLEO Argentinean Observatory over 7 years. We usea total of 917 flux-calibrated spectra for 109 stars that range from F6to M5. We statistically study these two indicators for stars ofdifferent activity levels and spectral types. Results: We directlyderive the conversion factor that translates the known S index to fluxin the Ca II cores, and extend its calibration to a wider spectralrange. We investigate the relation between the activity measurements inthe calcium and hydrogen lines, and found that the usual correlationobserved is the product of the dependence of each flux on stellarcolour, and not the product of similar activity phenomena.Tables 1 and 2 and full Figs. 1 and 6 are only available in electronicform at http://www.aanda.org
| Search for associations containing young stars (SACY). I. Sample and searching method
We report results from a high-resolution optical spectroscopic surveyaimed to search for nearby young associations and young stars amongoptical counterparts of ROSAT All-Sky Survey X-ray sources in theSouthern Hemisphere. We selected 1953 late-type (B-V~≥~0.6),potentially young, optical counterparts out of a total of 9574 1RXSsources for follow-up observations. At least one high-resolutionspectrum was obtained for each of 1511 targets. This paper is the firstin a series presenting the results of the SACY survey. Here we describeour sample and our observations. We describe a convergence method in the(UVW) velocity space to find associations. As an example, we discuss thevalidity of this method in the framework of the β Pic Association.
| LU Vel (GJ 375): A M3.5Ve Flare and Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binary
High resolution echelle spectroscopic observations taken with the FEROSspectrograph at the 2.2 m telescope ESO confirm the binary nature of theflare M3.5V star LU Vel (GJ 375, RE J0958-462) previously reported byChristian and Mathioudakis (2002). Emission of similar intensity fromboth components is detected in the Balmer, Na i D1&D2,He i D3, Caii H&K, and Caii IRT lines. We havedetermined precise radial velocities by cross correlation with radialvelocity standard stars, which have allowed us to obtain for the firsttime the orbital solution of the system. The binary consists of twonear-equal M3.5V components with an orbital period shorter than 2 days.We have analyzed the behaviour of the chromospheric activity indicators(variability and possible flares). In addition, we have determined itsrotational velocity and kinematics.
| Identification of New M Dwarfs in the Solar Neighborhood
We present the results from a spectroscopic study of 1080 nearby activeM dwarfs, selected by correlating the Two Micron All Sky Survey andROSAT catalogs. We have derived the spectral types and estimateddistances for all of our stars. The spectral types range between K5 andM6. Nearly half of our stars lie within 50 pc. We have measured theequivalent width of the Hα emission line. Our targets show anincrease in chromospheric activity from early to midspectral types, witha peak in activity around M5. Using the count rate and hardness ratiosobtained from the ROSAT catalog, we have derived the X-ray luminosities.Our stars display a ``saturation-type'' relation between thechromospheric and coronal activity. The relation is such thatlogLX/Lbol remains ``saturated'' at a value ofapproximately -3 for varying Hα equivalent width. We have found568 matches in the USNO-B catalog and have derived the tangentialvelocities for these stars. There is a slight trend of decreasingchromospheric activity with age, such that the stars with highervtan have lower Hα equivalent widths. The coronalemission, however, remains saturated at a value oflogLX/Lbol~-3 for varying tangential velocities,suggesting that the coronal activity remains saturated with age. We donot find any break in the saturation-type relation at the spectral typeat which stars become fully convective (~M3.5). Most of the stars in oursample show more coronal emission than the dMe stars in the Hyades andPraesepe and have vtan<40 km s-1, suggesting ayoung population.
| The spectroscopic characteristics of intermediate-aged pre-main-sequence stars: the η Chamaeleontis cluster
We present a study of calibrated low-resolution spectra of the 18 knownprimaries of the ~9-Myr-old η Chamaeleontis (η Cha)pre-main-sequence (PMS) star cluster. Using synthetic broad-band coloursand narrow-band continuum-sensitive, temperature-sensitive andgravity-sensitive indices derived from the spectra, we compare the ηCha stars to standard dwarfs. We find that the VRI colours of the PMSstars are indistinguishable from those of main-sequence stars, but thata B-band excess attaining ~0.2 mag for late-M cluster stars is present,which might be an indicator of gravity, metallicity and/or activitydifferences between the two samples of stars. The narrow-band spectralindices for the η Cha stars possibly indicate higher metallicity andstrongly indicate lower surface gravity than the dwarf indices,consistent with the elevated location of the cluster in theHertzsprung-Russell evolutionary diagram. Using the derived syntheticcolours and indices, we adopt spectral types for the late-type η Chastars. We then produce a table of absolute optical magnitudes andcolours representing the cluster isochrone for comparison with PMSevolutionary models. From our results we also conclude that the ηCha stars are unreddened, consistent with the group being a sample ofolder PMS stars distant from obscuring molecular clouds, except for theA1 member HD 75505 for which we confirm AV= 0.4 mag likelydue to the presence of circumstellar material.
| Library of flux-calibrated echelle spectra of southern late-type dwarfs with different activity levels
We present Echelle spectra of 91 late-type dwarfs, of spectral typesfrom F to M and of different levels of chromospheric activity, obtainedwith the 2.15 m telescope of the CASLEO Observatory located in theArgentinean Andes. Our observations range from 3890 to 6690 Å, ata spectral resolution from 0.141 to 0.249 Å per pixel(R=λ/δ λ ≈ 26 400). The observations were fluxcalibrated with the aid of long slit spectra. A version of thecalibrated spectra is available via the World Wide Web.Table 2 is also available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/414/699The spectra are available as FITS and ascii-files at the URL:http://www.iafe.uba.ar/cincunegui/spectra/Table2.html. They are alsoavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/414/699. When convertingthe fits to ascii, the spectra were oversampled to a constant δλ ≈ 0.15 Å.Table 2 is also available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous
| Improved Astrometry and Photometry for the Luyten Catalog. II. Faint Stars and the Revised Catalog
We complete construction of a catalog containing improved astrometry andnew optical/infrared photometry for the vast majority of NLTT starslying in the overlap of regions covered by POSS I and by the secondincremental Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) release, approximately 44%of the sky. The epoch 2000 positions are typically accurate to 130 mas,the proper motions to 5.5 mas yr-1, and the V-J colors to0.25 mag. Relative proper motions of binary components are measured to 3mas yr-1. The false-identification rate is ~1% for11<~V<~18 and substantially less at brighter magnitudes. Theseimprovements permit the construction of a reduced proper-motion diagramthat, for the first time, allows one to classify NLTT stars intomain-sequence (MS) stars, subdwarfs (SDs), and white dwarfs (WDs). We inturn use this diagram to analyze the properties of both our catalog andthe NLTT catalog on which it is based. In sharp contrast to popularbelief, we find that NLTT incompleteness in the plane is almostcompletely concentrated in MS stars, and that SDs and WDs are detectedalmost uniformly over the sky δ>-33deg. Our catalogwill therefore provide a powerful tool to probe these populationsstatistically, as well as to reliably identify individual SDs and WDs.
| UBV(RI)C photometry of Hipparcos red stars
We present homogeneous and standardized UBV(RI)C photometryfor nearly 550 M stars selected from the Hipparcos satellite data baseusing the following selection criteria: lack of obvious variability (noHipparcos variability flag); δ<+10°(V-I)>1.7 and Vmagnitude fainter than about 7.6. Comparisons are made between thecurrent photometry, other ground-based data sets and Hipparcosphotometry. We use linear discriminant analysis to determine aluminosity segregation criterion for late-type stars, and principalcomponent analysis to study the statistical structure of the colourindices and to calibrate absolute magnitude in terms of (V-I) for thedwarf stars. Various methods are used to determine the mean absolutemagnitude of the giant stars. We find 10 dwarf stars, apparentlypreviously unrecognized (prior to Hipparcos) as being within 25pc,including five within 20pc.
| Revised Coordinates and Proper Motions of the Stars in the Luyten Half-Second Catalog
We present refined coordinates and proper-motion data for the highproper-motion (HPM) stars in the Luyten Half-Second (LHS) catalog. Thepositional uncertainty in the original Luyten catalog is typicallygreater than 10" and is often greater than 30". We have used the digitalscans of the POSS I and POSS II plates to derive more accurate positionsand proper motions of the objects. Out of the 4470 candidates in the LHScatalog, 4323 objects were manually reidentified in the POSS I and POSSII scans. A small fraction of the stars were not found because of thelack of finder charts and digitized POSS II scans. The uncertainties inthe revised positions are typically ~2" but can be as high as ~8" in afew cases, which is a large improvement over the original data.Cross-correlation with the Tycho-2 and Hipparcos catalogs yielded 819candidates (with mR<~12). For these brighter sources, theposition and proper-motion data were replaced with the more accurateTycho-2/Hipparcos data. In total, we have revised proper-motionmeasurements and coordinates for 4040 stars and revised coordinates for4330 stars. The electronic version of the paper5 contains the updated information on all 4470stars in the LHS catalog.
| High-Resolution Optical Observations of Extreme-Ultraviolet-selected Active Late-type Stars
We present high-resolution optical spectra of EUV-selected late-typestars. We have detected seven new spectroscopic binaries, including apair of F stars and an RS Canum Venaticorum candidate. Many of the starsin our sample show remarkable Hα emission with equivalent widthsup to 8 Å. Several sources show strong He I 5876 Å emission.We use cross-correlation techniques to estimate line-of-sight rotationalvelocities and find that they range from less than 5 to over 80 kms-1. Several of the stars show a strong Li 6707 Å line,which we use to determine their Li abundances. The EUV-to-bolometricluminosity, a measure of the coronal heating efficiency, is as high as10-3. The present sample extends the EUV-selected late-typestars to lower Rossby numbers and makes the coronal saturation boundarybetter pronounced. Our results indicate that there is a drop in the EUVemission from the corona in late M dwarfs possibly because of a changein the nature of the magnetic dynamo in fully convective stars.
| Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) - Third edition - Comments and statistics
The Catalogue, available at the Centre de Données Stellaires deStrasbourg, consists of 13 573 records concerning the results obtainedfrom different methods for 7778 stars, reported in the literature. Thefollowing data are listed for each star: identifications, apparentmagnitude, spectral type, apparent diameter in arcsec, absolute radiusin solar units, method of determination, reference, remarks. Commentsand statistics obtained from CADARS are given. The Catalogue isavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcar?J/A+A/367/521
| Catalogue and bibliography of the UV Cet-type flare stars and related objects in the solar vicinity
This new catalogue of flare stars includes 463 objects. It containsastrometric, spectral and photometric data as well as information on theinfrared, radio and X-ray properties and general stellar parameters.From the total reference list of about 3400 articles, partial listsselected by objects, authors, key words and by any pairs of thesecriteria can be obtained Tables 1, 2 and 3 are only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html.
| The ROSAT all-sky survey catalogue of the nearby stars
We present X-ray data for all entries of the Third Catalogue of NearbyStars \cite[(Gliese & Jahreiss 1991)]{gli91} that have been detectedas X-ray sources in the ROSAT all-sky survey. The catalogue contains1252 entries yielding an average detection rate of 32.9 percent. Inaddition to count rates, source detection parameters, hardness ratios,and X-ray fluxes we also list X-ray luminosities derived from Hipparcosparallaxes. Catalogue also available at CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The Galactic Orbits of Nearby UV Ceti Stars
The galactic orbits of 93 UV Ceti stars of the solar neighborhood havebeen numerically integrated. The UV Ceti stars studied are those of theworking list for which Poveda et al. (1996a) determined kinematicproperties and ages. All stars are contained within 25 pc of the Sun(π ≥ 0.04''), and values for their distances, proper motions andradial velocities are available for them (Gliese & Jahreiss 1991).The galactic potential model of Allen & Santillán (1991) wasused, and the orbits were integrated for times similar to the age of theold disk. The galactic orbital parameters are obtained. The orbits areall regular, and the values found for the orbital parameters are similarto those characteristic of the classic young thin disk. The verticalscale height found for the whole sample is 115 pc. However, the orbitalparameters found for the 7 objects with extreme kinematiccharacteristics recognized in Poveda et al. are markedly different fromthose of the rest of the flare stars; in particular, their orbitaleccentricities are larger than 0.3. The vertical scale height of thesample excluding the anomalous objects is just 103 pc. Consequently, wepropose that the anomalous objects belong to the thick disk, which maybe characterized by either e≥ 0.3 or | zmax | > 400 pc.
| Supplementary southern standards for UBV(RI)c photometry
We present UBV(RI)c photometry for 80 southern red and blue stars foruse as additional standards. The data are tied to the Johnson UBV andCousins (RI)c systems and extend the range of the available stars forcolor equation determination, especially in (U-B) for blue stars and(V-R) and (V-I) for red stars. Comparisons with published data are madeand particularly good agreement is found with Bessell for the red(Gliese) stars.
| Astrometric positions of stars with high proper motions in the Southern Hemisphere
Several stars with large proper motions, cited by W.J. Luyten, wereincluded in the preliminary programme for the HIPPARCOS mission. Whenperforming preparatory measurements of plates, difficulties wereencountered in identifying certain of these stars when relying only onpublished coordinates. We have taken advantage of this work whichrelates to the southern sky in order to determine the astrometricposition of the greatest possible number of these objects, even forthose which were not included in the programme. Catalogue is onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The Palomar/MSU Nearby Star Spectroscopic Survey.II.The Southern M Dwarfs and Investigation of Magnetic Activity
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996AJ....112.2799H&db_key=AST
| The ROSAT Wide Field Camera all-sky survey of extreme-ultraviolet sources - II. The 2RE Source Catalogue
During 1990-1991 the Wide Field Camera (WFC) on the ROSAT satelliteperformed the first all-sky survey at EUV wavelengths. The survey wasconducted in two `colours' using broad-band filters to define wavebandscovering the ranges 60-140 A and 112-200 A. It was fully imaging, witheffective spatial resolution of about 3 arcmin FWHM, and point sourcelocation accuracy of typically better than 1 arcmin. From an initialanalysis, Pounds et al. published the WFC Bright Source Catalogue (BSC)of 383 sources. In this paper we report results from reprocessing of thecomplete survey database; the resulting list of sources is the `2RE'Catalogue. It contains 479 sources, of which 387 are detected in bothsurvey wavebands, a significant advance on the BSC (80 per cent versus60 per cent). Improvements over the original BSC include: (i) betterrejection of poor aspect periods, and smaller random errors in theaspect reconstruction; (ii) improved background screening; (iii)improved methods for source detection; (iv) inclusion of atime-variability test for each source; (v) more extensive investigationof the survey sensitivity. We define the catalogue selection criteria,and present the catalogue contents in terms of tables and sky maps. Wealso discuss the sky coverage, source number-flux relations, opticalidentifications and source variability.
| The general catalogue of trigonometric [stellar] paralaxes
Not Available
| ROSAT Extreme Ultraviolet / EUV Luminosity Functions of Nearby Late Type Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1994MNRAS.267..840H&db_key=AST
| Far infrared properties of late type dwarfs. Infrared fluxes of K & M dwarfs
IRAS fluxes/upper limits are presented for a large sample of K and Mdwarfs. Good agreement is found between the 12 micrometer fluxes andthose derived from the photospheric models of Mould (1976).Relationships between the optical and infrared colors are derived. Theactive dMe/dKe stars appear systematically brighter in the infraredcompared with the less active dM/dK stars, which could be attributed tomore efficient nonradiative heating in their atmosphere. Any systematicdifferences found in our results when compared with those obtained fromprevious studies are attributed to the different analysis packages used.
| The importance of surface inhomogeneities for K and M dwarf chromospheric fluxes
We present published and archived spectroscopic and spectrophotometricdata of H-alpha, Ca II, Mg II, and X-rays for a large sample of K and Mdwarfs. The data set points to the importance that surfaceinhomogeneities have in the flux luminosity diagrams in these late-typedwarfs, irrespective of whether the Balmer lines are in emission orabsorption. Although supporting the fact that cooler stars exhibitincreasing levels of surface activity, evident through an increasingincidence of Balmer emission, surface inhomogeneities, or variations inthe local temperature and density structure, at the chromospheric level,dominate the total Ca II and Mg II fluxes. We show that the flux-fluxand luminosity-luminosity relations indicate differing extents ofinhomogeneity from the chromosphere through to the corona. A goodcorrelation between Ca II and Mg II fluxes indicates that they areformed in overlapping regions of the chromosphere, so that thecontribution of surface inhomogeneities is not evident from thisparticular flux-flux diagram. In the region of the upper chromospherethrough to the transition and corona, the correlation between Ly-alphaand X-ray fluxes indicates regions with similar levels of arealinhomogeneity. This appears to be uncorrelated with that at thechromospheric level.
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