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AKARI's infrared view on nearby stars. Using AKARI infrared camera all-sky survey, 2MASS, and Hipparcos catalogs
Context. The AKARI, a Japanese infrared space mission, has performed anAll-Sky Survey in six infrared-bands from 9 to 180 ?m with higherspatial resolutions and better sensitivities than IRAS. Aims: Weinvestigate the mid-infrared (9 and 18 ?m) point source catalog (PSC)obtained with the infrared camera (IRC) onboard AKARI, in order tounderstand the infrared nature of the known objects and to identifypreviously unknown objects. Methods: Color-color diagramsand a color-magnitude diagram were plotted with the AKARI-IRC PSCand other available all-sky survey catalogs. We combined the Hipparcosastrometric catalog and the 2MASS all-sky survey catalog with theAKARI-IRC PSC. We furthermore searched literature and SIMBADastronomical database for object types, spectral types, and luminosityclasses. We identified the locations of representative stars and objectson the color-magnitude and color-color diagram schemes. Theproperties of unclassified sources can be inferred from their locationson these diagrams. Results: We found that the (B-V) vs.(V-S9W) color-color diagram is useful for identifying thestars with infrared excess emerged from circumstellar envelopes ordisks. Be stars with infrared excess are separated well from other typesof stars in this diagram. Whereas (J-L18W) vs. (S9W-L18W)diagram is a powerful tool for classifying several object types.Carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and OH/IR stars formdistinct sequences in this color-color diagram. Young stellarobjects (YSOs), pre-main sequence (PMS) stars, post-AGB stars, andplanetary nebulae (PNe) have the largest mid-infrared color excess andcan be identified in the infrared catalog. Finally, we plot the L18W vs.(S9W-L18W) color-magnitude diagram, using the AKARI data togetherwith Hipparcos parallaxes. This diagram can be used to identify low-massYSOs and AGB stars. We found that this diagram is comparable to the [24]vs. ([8.0]-[24]) diagram of Large Magellanic Cloud sources usingthe Spitzer Space Telescope data. Our understanding of Galactic objectswill be used to interpret color-magnitude diagram of stellar populationsin the nearby galaxies that Spitzer Space Telescope observed. Conclusions: Our study of the AKARI color-color andcolor-magnitude diagrams will be used to explore properties ofunknown objects in the future. In addition, our analysis highlights afuture key project to understand stellar evolution with a circumstellarenvelope, once the forthcoming astronometrical data with GAIA areavailable.Catalog (full Tables 3 and 4) are only available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/514/A2
| The chemical composition of carbon stars. The R-type stars
Aims. The aim of this work is to shed some light on the problem of theformation of carbon stars of R-type from a detailed study of theirchemical composition. Methods: We use high-resolution and highsignal-to-noise optical spectra of 23 R-type stars (both early- andlate-types) selected from the Hipparcos catalogue. The chemical analysisis made using spectral synthesis in LTE and state-of-the-art carbon-richspherical model atmospheres. We derive their CNO content (including the12C/13C ratio), average metallicity, lithium, andlight (Sr, Y, Zr) and heavy (Ba, La, Nd, Sm) s-element abundances. Theobserved properties of the stars (galactic distribution, kinematics,binarity, photometry and luminosity) are also discussed. Results:Our analysis shows that late-R stars are carbon stars with identicalchemical and observational characteristics as the normal (N-type) AGBcarbon stars. The s-element abundance pattern derived can be reproducedby low-mass AGB nucleosynthesis models where the 13C(?,n)16O reaction is the main neutron donor. We confirm theresults of the sole previous abundance analysis of early-R stars, namelythat they are carbon stars with near solar metallicity showing enhancednitrogen, low 12C/13C ratios and no s-elementenhancements. In addition, we have found that early-R stars have Liabundances larger than expected for post RGB tip giants. We also findthat a significant number (~40%) of the early-R stars in our sample arewrongly classified, probably being classical CH stars and normal Kgiants. Conclusions: On the basis of the chemical analysis, weconfirm the previous suggestion that late-R stars are just misclassifiedN-type carbon stars in the AGB phase of evolution. Their photometric,kinematic, variability and luminosity properties are also compatiblewith this. In consequence, we suggest that the number of true R stars isconsiderably lower than previously believed. This alleviates the problemof considering R stars as a frequent stage in the evolution of low-massstars. We briefly discuss the different scenarios proposed for theformation of early-R stars. The mixing of carbon during an anomalousHe-flash is favoured, although no physical mechanism able to triggerthat mixing has been found yet. The origin of these stars still remainsa mystery.
| Do Hydrogen-Deficient Carbon Stars have Winds?
We present high resolution spectra of the five known hydrogen-deficientcarbon (HdC) stars in the vicinity of the 10830 Å line of neutralhelium. In R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars the He I line is known to bestrong and broad, often with a P Cygni profile, and must be formedin the powerful winds of those stars. RCB stars have similar chemicalabundances as HdC stars and also share greatly enhanced 18Oabundances with them, indicating a common origin for these two classesof stars, which has been suggested to be white dwarf mergers. A narrowHe I absorption line may be present in the hotter HdC stars, but no lineis seen in the cooler stars, and no evidence for a wind is found in anyof them. The presence of wind lines in the RCB stars is stronglycorrelated with dust formation episodes so the absence of wind lines inthe HdC stars, which do not make dust, is as expected.
| Near-Infrared Spectra of 29 Carbon Stars: Simple Estimates of Effective Temperature
Near-infrared spectra of 29 carbon stars in the 0.9-2.4 μm range wereobtained by using a cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph. The targetstars, which were classified into C-H, C-R, C-J, and C-N types, wereselected from an atlas of Barnbaum, Stone, and Keenan (1996, ApJS, 105,419). Because the stars are non long-period variables, the phasedifferences of the light curves do not strongly affect the spectra. Theeffective temperatures (Teff) of the carbon stars wereestimated with errors of ± 200K by fitting our spectra atwavelengths of 1.35, 1.74, and 2.29 μm, with simple model spectra,while considering the H- opacity minimum to be around 1.6μm. At these wavelengths, molecular absorption due to CO, CN, andC2 is not strong. The derived effective temperatures aredistributed between 5100K and 2600K, and highly correlate with thetemperature sequence in Barnbaum, Stone, and Keenan (ibid.), althoughthe stars with temperature sequences beyond 4 have similar temperaturesnear ˜ 3000K. We also compared our results with values derived byother methods in the literature: the aperture diameter method, theinfrared flux method, and some model calculations.
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| The chemical composition of R-stars
The preliminary results of the chemical analysis of a sample of 22galactic R-stars with measured parallaxes are presented. We have derivedthe C/O and 12C/13C ratios, the averagemetallicity ([M/H]) and the Li abundances. We find that most of thestars have 12C/13C below 20 with nosignificant difference between cool and hot R-stars. The C/O ratioranges between 1 to 2. We obtain a clear separation in the Liabundance between hot and cool R stars, with a mean value of log epsilon(Li) = +0.90 and log epsilon (Li) =-0.50, respectively. Cool stars areof near solar metallicity whereas hot stars show a larger spread,-0.5< [Fe/H] < +0.1. Concerning the possibility of s-elementenhancements, we obtain [Rb/M] > 0 in seven hot stars and in three ofthem (R-hot) the analysis of the 5924 {Å} TcI line might becompatible with Tc detection. However, the detection of other s-elementenhancements is necessary to elucidate the evolutionary stage of thesecarbon stars of which origin is still unknown.
| Hipparcos red stars in the HpV_T2 and V I_C systems
For Hipparcos M, S, and C spectral type stars, we provide calibratedinstantaneous (epoch) Cousins V - I color indices using newly derivedHpV_T2 photometry. Three new sets of ground-based Cousins V I data havebeen obtained for more than 170 carbon and red M giants. These datasetsin combination with the published sources of V I photometry served toobtain the calibration curves linking Hipparcos/Tycho Hp-V_T2 with theCousins V - I index. In total, 321 carbon stars and 4464 M- and S-typestars have new V - I indices. The standard error of the mean V - I isabout 0.1 mag or better down to Hp~9 although it deteriorates rapidly atfainter magnitudes. These V - I indices can be used to verify thepublished Hipparcos V - I color indices. Thus, we have identified ahandful of new cases where, instead of the real target, a random fieldstar has been observed. A considerable fraction of the DMSA/C and DMSA/Vsolutions for red stars appear not to be warranted. Most likely suchspurious solutions may originate from usage of a heavily biased color inthe astrometric processing.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).}\fnmsep\thanks{Table 7 is onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/397/997
| Carbon-rich giants in the HR diagram and their luminosity function
The luminosity function (LF) of nearly 300 Galactic carbon giants isderived. Adding BaII giants and various related objects, about 370objects are located in the RGB and AGB portions of the theoretical HRdiagram. As intermediate steps, (1) bolometric corrections arecalibrated against selected intrinsic color indices; (2) the diagram ofphotometric coefficients 1/2 vs. astrometric trueparallaxes varpi are interpreted in terms of ranges of photosphericradii for every photometric group; (3) coefficients CR andCL for bias-free evaluation of mean photospheric radii andmean luminosities are computed. The LF of Galactic carbon giantsexhibits two maxima corresponding to the HC-stars of the thick disk andto the CV-stars of the old thin disk respectively. It is discussed andcompared to those of carbon stars in the Magellanic Clouds and Galacticbulge. The HC-part is similar to the LF of the Galactic bulge,reinforcing the idea that the Bulge and the thick disk are part of thesame dynamical component. The CV-part looks similar to the LF of theLarge Magellanic Cloud (LMC), but the former is wider due to thesubstantial errors on HIPPARCOS parallaxes. The obtained meanluminosities increase with increasing radii and decreasing effectivetemperatures, along the HC-CV sequence of photometric groups, except forHC0, the earliest one. This trend illustrates the RGB- and AGB-tracks oflow- and intermediate-mass stars for a range in metallicities. From acomparison with theoretical tracks in the HR diagram, the initial massesMi range from about 0.8 to 4.0 Msun for carbongiants, with possibly larger masses for a few extreme objects. A largerange of metallicities is likely, from metal-poor HC-stars classified asCH stars on the grounds of their spectra (a spheroidal component), tonear-solar compositions of many CV-stars. Technetium-rich carbon giantsare brighter than the lower limit Mbol =~ -3.6+/- 0.4 andcentered at =~-4.7+0.6-0.9 at about =~(2935+/-200) K or CV3-CV4 in our classification. Much like the resultsof Van Eck et al. (\cite{vaneck98}) for S stars, this confirms theTDU-model of those TP-AGB stars. This is not the case of the HC-stars inthe thick disk, with >~ 3400 K and>~ -3.4. The faint HC1 and HC2-stars( =~ -1.1+0.7-1.0) arefound slightly brighter than the BaII giants ( =~-0.3+/-1.3) on average. Most RCB variables and HdC stars range fromMbol =~ -1 to -4 against -0.2 to -2.4 for those of the threepopulation II Cepheids in the sample. The former stars show the largestluminosities ( <~ -4 at the highest effectivetemperatures (6500-7500 K), close to the Mbol =~ -5 value forthe hot LMC RCB-stars (W Men and HV 5637). A full discussion of theresults is postponed to a companion paper on pulsation modes andpulsation masses of carbon-rich long period variables (LPVs; Paper IV,present issue). This research has made use of the Simbad databaseoperated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. Partially based on data from theESA HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite. Table 2 is only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/390/967
| Reprocessing the Hipparcos data for evolved giant stars II. Absolute magnitudes for the R-type carbon stars
The Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data for carbon stars have beenreprocessed using an algorithm which provides an objective criterion forrejecting anomalous data points and constrains the parallax to bepositive. New parallax solutions have been derived for 317 cool carbonstars, mostly of types R and N. In this paper we discuss the results forthe R stars. The most important result is that the early R stars (i.e.,R0 - R3) have absolute magnitudes and V-K colors locating them among redclump giants in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The average absolutemagnitude MK for early R-type stars (with V - K < 4) hasbeen derived from a Monte-Carlo simulation implicitly incorporating allpossible biases. It appears that the simulated magnitude distributionfor a population with a true Gaussian distribution of mean MK= -2.0 and intrinsic standard deviation 1.0 mag provides a satisfactorymatch to the observed distribution. These values are consistent with theaverage absolute magnitude MK = -1.6 for clump red giants inthe solar neighborhood (Alves 2000). Further, early R-type stars arenon-variable, and their infrared photometric properties show that theyare not undergoing mass loss, properties similar to those of the redclump giants. Stars with subtypes R4 - R9 tend to be cooler and havesimilar luminosity to the N-type carbon stars, as confirmed by theirposition in the (J-H, H-K) color-color diagram. The sample of earlyR-type stars selected from the Hipparcos Catalogue appears to beapproximately complete to magnitude K0 ~ 7, translating intoa completeness distance of 600 pc if all R stars had MK= -2(400 pc if MK= -1). With about 30 early R-type stars in thatvolume, they comprise about 0.04% (0.14% for MK= -1) of thered clump stars in the solar neighborhood. Identification with the redclump locates these stars at the helium core burning stage of stellarevolution, while the N stars are on the asymptotic giant branch, wherehelium shell burning occurs. The present analysis suggests that for asmall fraction of the helium core burning stars (far lower than thefraction of helium shell-burning stars), carbon produced in the interioris mixed to the atmosphere in sufficient quantities to form a carbonstar. Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satelliteoperated by the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).
| The effective temperatures of carbon-rich stars
We evaluate effective temperatures of 390 carbon-rich stars. Theinterstellar extinction on their lines of sights was determined andcircumstellar contributions derived. The intrinsic (dereddened) spectralenergy distributions (SEDs) are classified into 14 photometric groups(HCi, CVj and SCV with i=0,5 and j=1,7). The newscale of effective temperatures proposed here is calibrated on the 54angular diameters (measured on 52 stars) available at present from lunaroccultations and interferometry. The brightness distribution on stellardiscs and its influence on diameter evaluations are discussed. Theeffective temperatures directly deduced from those diameters correlatewith the classification into photometric groups, despite the large errorbars on diameters. The main parameter of our photometric classificationis thus effective temperature. Our photometric < k right >1/2 coefficients are shown to be angular diameters on arelative scale for a given photometric group, (more precisely for agiven effective temperature). The angular diameters are consistent withthe photometric data previously shown to be consistent with the trueparallaxes from HIPPARCOS observations (Knapik, et al. \cite{knapik98},Sect. 6). Provisional effective temperatures, as constrained by asuccessful comparison of dereddened SEDs from observations to modelatmosphere predictions, are in good agreement with the values directlycalculated from the observed angular diameters and with those deducedfrom five selected intrinsic color indices. These three approaches wereused to calibrate a reference angular diameter Phi 0 and theassociated coefficient CT_eff. The effective temperatureproposed for each star is the arithmetic mean of two estimates, one(``bolometric'') from a reference integrated flux F0, theother (``spectral'') from calibrated color indices which arerepresentative of SED shapes. Effective temperatures for about 390carbon stars are provided on this new homogeneous scale, together withvalues for some stars classified with oxygen-type SEDs with a total of438 SEDs (410 stars) studied. Apparent bolometric magnitudes are given.Objects with strong infrared excesses and optically thick circumstellardust shells are discussed separately. The new effective temperaturescale is shown to be compatible and (statistically) consistent with thesample of direct values from the observed angular diameters. Theeffective temperatures are confirmed to be higher than the mean colortemperatures (from 140 to 440 K). They are in good agreement with thepublished estimates from the infrared flux method forTeff>= 3170 K, while an increasing discrepancy is observedtoward lower temperatures. As an illustration of the efficiency of thephotometric classification and effective temperature scale, the C/Oratios and the Merrill-Sanford (M-S) band intensities are investigated.It is shown that the maximum value, mean value and dispersion of C/Oincrease along the photometric CV-sequence, i.e. with decreasingeffective temperature. The M-S bands of SiC2 are shown tohave a transition from ``none'' to ``strong'' at Teff =~(2800+/- 150right ) K. Simultaneously, with decreasing effectivetemperature, the mean C/O ratio increases from 1.04 to 1.36, thetransition in SiC2 strength occurring while 1.07<= C/O<= 1.18. This research has made use of the Simbad database operatedat CDS, Strasbourg, France. Table 10 is only available in electronicform at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5)}or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/369/178
| General Catalog of Galactic Carbon Stars by C. B. Stephenson. Third Edition
The catalog is an updated and revised version of Stephenson's Catalogueof Galactic Cool Carbon Stars (2nd edition). It includes 6891 entries.For each star the following information is given: equatorial (2000.0)and galactic coordinates, blue, visual and infrared magnitudes, spectralclassification, references, designations in the most significantcatalogs and coordinate precision classes. The main catalog issupplemented by remarks containing information for which there was noplace in entries of the main part, as well as some occasional notesabout the peculiarities of specific stars.
| The Role of Binaries in the Carbon Stars Pheonomenon
Not Available
| Dust extinction and intrinsic SEDs of carbon-rich stars. II. The hot carbon stars
The present work is an extension of a recent study by Knapik &Bergeat (\cite{knapik}, henceforth called Paper I) of the spectralenergy distributions (SEDs) of about 300 cool carbon-rich variables andof the interstellar extinction observed on their line of sights. Themethods were originally developed for Semi-Regular (SR) and Irregular(L)-variables. Shortly, this is a kind of a pair method making usesimultaneously of the whole SED from UV to IR. Our approach is appliedhere to the galactic carbon-rich giants with bluer SEDs, namely the hotcarbon (HC) stars, including many ``constant'' stars and a minority ofvariables: AC Her a RV Tau star, the R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars andothers. Some HdC (i.e. carbon-rich hydrogen deficient stars) and Ba IIstars are also considered. The total number of studied HC stars amountsto about 140. With few exceptions, the colour excesses for interstellarextinction are found in good agreement with the field values from mapspublished in the literature, taking into account the approximatedistances to our stars from HIPPARCOS data (\cite{esa}, henceforthcalled ESA) or binarity. We propose a classification scheme with sixphotometric groups (or boxes: HC0 to HC5) from the bluest to the reddestSEDs. Oxygen-rich SEDs earlier than HC0, are attributed to the hotteststars (AC Her, most RCB-variables and a few others). Previous findingsare confirmed of a junction between oxygen-rich and carbon-rich SEDs atspectral type G. The latest (HC5) group is immediately close to theearliest one in Paper I, namely CV1. The sequence of groups then goesregularly from HC0 to CV6. Substantial infrared excesses with respect toour solutions are found in HD 100764 a HC1 carbon star, AC Her a G0g RVTau star, and the RCB stars classified in either HC or oxygen-groups.The colour excesses at maximum light can usually be attributed tointerstellar reddening, with neutral circumstellar (CS) reddening (largegrains) or no CS extinction at all on the line of sight (non sphericalgeometry) as possible explanations. The latter model (disc or patchydistribution through successive puffs) is favoured. Two RCB variablesfor which we exploit SEDs on a rising branch (V CrA) or minimum light(RS Tel), show CS laws, respectively a selective extinction compatiblewith small grains and an extinction partly neutral indicative of largegrains on the line of sight. This research has made use of the Simbaddatabase operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.}\fnmsep\thanks{Partiallybased on data from the ESA HIPPARCOS astrometrysatellite}\fnmsep\thanks{Tables~3 and 4 are only available in electronicform at the CDS via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5
| The R Stars: Carbon Stars of a Different Kind
After $\sim$16 years of radial-velocity observations of a sample of 22R-type carbon stars, no evidence for binary motion has been detected inany of them. This is surprising considering that approximately 20\% ofnormal late-type giants are spectroscopic binaries, and the fraction isclose to 100\% in barium, CH, and subgiant/dwarf CH and barium stars. Itis suggested, therefore, that a process that has caused the mixing ofcarbon to the surface of these stars cannot act in a wide binary system.Possibly, the R stars were once all binaries, but with separations thatwould not allow them to evolve completely up the giant and asymptoticgiant branchs without coalescing. This coalescence may be the agentwhich causes carbon produced in the helium-core flash to be mixedoutwards to a region where convection zones can bring it to the surfaceof the star. (SECTION: Stars)
| A Moderate-Resolution Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars: R, J, N, CH, and Barium Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJS..105..419B&db_key=AST
| Revised MK spectral classification of the red carbon stars
The spectral classification of the red carbon stars has been broughtinto the revised MK system by combining some of the features of the oldR, N, and C classifications, as modified by Yamashita, and addingnumerical abundance indices. The new types are intended to (1) definethe population to which the star belongs, (2) allow quick interpolationbetween the detailed atmospheric analyses of individual stars, and (3)indicate the differences between carbon stars in different parts of ourgalaxy, and in other galaxies. It is the flexibility of the notation,allowing the incorporation of improved criteria, that should make thenew system useful.
| A first catalogue of speckle-interferometric measurements of binary stars made with 6-m telescope of the USSR AS.
Not Available
| A general catalogue of cool carbon stars
Not Available
| Spectrophotometric investigation of carbon stars
Not Available
| The absolute spectrophotometry of carbon stars. VI. Abundance of carbon in the atmospheres.
Not Available
| UBV photoelectric catalogue (1986). II - Analysis
The UBV photoelectric data of the stars presenting several entries inthe 1986 edition of the UBV catalog have been systematicallyintercompared, and this paper presents a discussion of the stars forwhich discrepancies larger than 0.2 mag were found. Thirty-six probablyvariable stars have been detected, among which 18 are Be stars. Sixtyfurther stars present differences in the V magnitude larger than 0.2mag. Sixteen stars already appear in the NSV catalog. Although manyproblems are probably due to poor observations, new (eclipsing) variablestars may be found in this sample. Complete disagreement is foundbetween the values published from two independent sources in 34 cases. Afirst analysis of the quality of the UBV data shows that 65 percent ofthe differences in the V magnitude and in U-B color, for respectively11,500 and 7200 stars with two sources of data, are smaller than 0.04.The scatter on the B-V index appears to be smaller, since the samepercentage reaches 79 percent.
| UBV Photoelectric Photometry Catalogue (1986). III Errors and Problems on DM and HD Stars
Not Available
| Photoelectric photometry of carbon and barium stars in the Vilnius seven-color system and their color excesses
Not Available
| Speckle interferometric measurements of binary stars. III
Speckle interferometric observations of 104 known or suspected binarystars with the 6-m SAO, 3.60-m CFH, 2-m OPM, and 193-cm OHP, telescopesare reported. HR 4501 (a star with variable radial velocity) and thespectroscopic binary HR 5321 are directly resolved for the first time.
| Infrared flux excesses of the warm carbon stars
Infrared photometry of 31 stars having enhanced atmospheric carbonabundances (types R, CH, Ba II) has been obtained to test for thepresence of circumstellar dust emission reported by others. Supplementedby published ground-based and IRAS photometry, energy distributionsspanning the range 0.33-100 microns have been examined. No new excesseslarge enough to be ascribed to the presence of dust having T = 1000-1500K have been found in this survey of warm carbon stars. Some marginalevidence exists for the presence of warm (T = 300 K) dust associatedwith two stars. One star, BD + 17 deg 3325, earlier reported to haveexcess emission at 3.5 microns, has been shown to have no substantailflux excess at wavelengths as long as 4.6 microns, and perhaps 10.2microns. The distinctive colors of carbon-rich stars are found to becaused by increased line blanketing relative to the ordinary giants, andnot due to circumstellar dust emission.
| Radial Velocities of Nineteen Carbon Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1974PASJ...26..159Y&db_key=AST
| A general catalogue of cool carbon stars
Not Available
| Some Intrinsic Properties of Carbon Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1971ApJ...167..521R&db_key=AST
| The use of UBVR photometry for the discovery of peculiar stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1970AJ.....75..169M&db_key=AST
| Multicolor Photometry of Carbon Stars.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1965ApJ...141..161M&db_key=AST
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